Understanding child development is a protective factor against child abuse and neglect. In this lesson, you will learn about typical development. You will also learn developmentally appropriate expectations for children’s behavior.
辅助选项卡
- Describe typical child developmental milestones.
- 确定对儿童行为的发展适当的期望。
- 确定让孩子更有可能遭受虐待或忽视的风险因素。
学习
知道
您已经了解到,了解儿童如何发展和学习(即儿童发展)是防止虐待和忽视儿童的一个保护因素。你为什么认为这是真的?不了解儿童发展有哪些风险?如果我们不了解孩子的发展,我们可能会认为孩子应该表现得比他或她大。我们可能会把孩子们置于对他们来说太具挑战性的境地。我们和孩子可能会感到沮丧。孩子可能不明白我们想要什么,我们也可能不明白孩子为什么不“规矩点”
了解孩子的发展是一个保护因素,因为它帮助我们认识到孩子何时需要额外的帮助。如果我们不了解儿童的发展,我们可能会变得沮丧,而不是认识到一个机会,脚手架或加强儿童的经验。当我们沮丧的时候,我们没有用我们最好的想法。我们解决问题、运用新的实践、创造性思维和耐心的能力较差。我们可能无法支持那些最需要我们帮助的孩子。
Let’s begin by thinking about some common behaviors you might see every day in programs for infants, toddlers, preschoolers and school-agers:
根据您在工作中或在您的工作中或在您的社区中看到,听到或经验丰富的基础,这些方案响亮吗?你见过他们吗?你经历过他们吗?如果您在家庭育儿课程中度过了幼儿和青年的时候,您可能万博体育下载官方网站会看到一些或所有这些行为。他们是典型儿童发展的思考。我们都经历了阶段,因为我们的成长,可以在某些阶段预期某些行为。这并不意味着所有行为都很容易让我们作为成年人处理。它确实意味着我们可以准备识别行为作为增长的思考,并帮助孩子发展和成熟。您将在认知发展课程中了解更多有关此内容的信息。
让我们看看儿童从出生到12岁的典型发育过程。本表所列信息由美国疾病预防控制中心和美国国立卫生研究院汇编而成(https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html.). You can find this same information in easy-to-use information sheets in the Apply section.
发展里程碑
使用此图表左侧的菜单或底部的寻呼机循环浏览各种场景
Social / Emotional
- 开始对人微笑
- 可以简要平静地平静下来(可能会带上嘴巴和吮吸手工)
- 试图看看父母
语言/沟通
- 咕咕,发出咯咯的声音
- 把头转向声音
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 注意面孔
- 开始用眼睛跟踪事物,认出远处的人
- 如果活动不会改变,开始行动无聊(哭声,挑剔)
运动/物理
- Can hold head up and begins to push up when lying on tummy
- 用胳膊和腿做出更平滑的运动
Social / Emotional
- 自然地微笑,尤其是对人
- Likes to play with people and might cry when playing stops
- 复制一些动作和面部表情,如微笑或皱眉
语言/沟通
- 开始唠叨
- 喋喋不休地说着他或她听到的声音
- Cries in different ways to show hunger, pain, or being tired
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- Lets you know if she or he is happy or sad
- 对感情有反应
- Reaches for toy with one hand
- Uses hands and eyes together, such as seeing a toy and reaching for it
- 沿着从一侧到一侧的眼睛移动的东西
- Watches faces closely
- 能认出远处熟悉的人和事
运动/物理
- 保持头部稳定,无支撑
- 当脚在硬表面上时,向下推
- 可能能够从肚子上滚动回来
- Can hold a toy and shake it and swing at dangling toys
- 手到擒来
- 仰卧时,向上推至肘部
Social / Emotional
- 认识熟悉的面孔,并开始知道某人是否是陌生人
- 喜欢和别人一起玩,特别是父母
- Responds to other people's emotions and often seems happy
- Likes to look at self in mirror
语言/沟通
- 通过发出声音来响应声音
- Strings vowels together when babbling and likes taking turns with parents while making sounds
- Responds to own name
- Language/Communication
- 发出表示高兴和不高兴的声音
- 开始说辅音(叽叽喳喳地说“m”、“b”)
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 在附近的事情上看
- 把东西带到嘴巴
- 表现出关于事物的好奇心,并试图获得遥不可及的东西
- 开始把东西从一只手传递到另一只手
运动/物理
- 在两个方向上翻滚(从前向后,从前向后)
- 开始支撑着坐着
- When standing, supports weight on legs and might bounce
- 岩石来回移动,有时在向前移动之前向后爬行
Social / Emotional
- 可能害怕陌生人
- 可能和熟悉的成年人粘在一起
- 有最喜欢的玩具
语言/沟通
- 理解“不”
- 发出很多不同的声音像“妈妈”和“爸爸”
- 模仿别人的声音和手势
- Uses fingers to point at things
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 观察某物下落的轨迹
- 寻找他或她看到你的东西
- 玩躲猫猫
- 把东西放进她或他的嘴里
- 将事物顺利地从一只手转移到另一方面
- 在拇指和食指之间捡起麦片之类的东西
运动/物理
- Stands, holding on
- 可以进入坐姿
- 坐着没有支撑
- 拉着站着
- 爬行
Social / Emotional
- 与陌生人害羞或紧张
- 爸爸妈妈离开的时候哭
- 有最喜欢的东西和人
- Shows fear in some situations
- 当他或她想听到一个故事时,让你手是一本书
- 重复听起来或动作以引起关注
- 伸出手臂或腿来帮助敷料
- 播放比赛,如“Peek-A-Boo”和“Pat-A-Cake”
语言/沟通
- Responds to simple spoken requests
- 使用简单的手势,如摇头“不”或挥手“再见”
- 用音调的变化使听起来更改(听起来更像是语音)
- 说“妈妈”和“爸爸”,然后大叫“哦哦!”
- Tries to say words you say
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 探索s things in different ways, like shaking, banging, throwing
- 很容易找到隐藏的东西
- 当它被命名时看正确的图片或事物
- Copies gestures
- 开始正确使用东西;例如,从杯子里喝水,刷头发
- Bangs two things together
- 把东西放在一个容器中,把东西从容器中取出
- 没有帮助就让事情过去
- Pokes with index finger
- Follows simple directions like "pick up the toy"
运动/物理
- 在没有帮助的情况下达到坐姿
- Pulls up to stand, walks holding onto furniture
- 不停地走几步
- May stand alone
Social / Emotional
- 喜欢把东西交给别人作为游戏
- 可能发脾气
- 可能害怕陌生人
- 对熟人示爱
- 玩简单的假装,比如喂娃娃
- May cling to caregivers in new situations
- Points to show others something interesting
- 独自探索,但有父母在身边
语言/沟通
- Says several single words
- Says and shakes head "no"
- 指向某人展示她或他想要的东西
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 知道s what ordinary things are for; for example, telephone, brush, spoon
- Points to get the attention of others
- Shows interest in a doll or stuffed animal by pretending to feed
- 指向一个身体部位
- 自己涂鸦
- 不需要任何手势就可以执行一步到位的口头命令;例如,当你说“坐下”时就坐
运动/物理
- 独自行走
- 我可以走上台阶然后跑
- 边走边拉玩具
- Can help undress
- Drinks from a cup
- 用勺子吃饭
Social / Emotional
- Copies others, especially adults and older children
- 和其他孩子在一起时很兴奋
- Shows more and more independence
- 表现出挑衅的行为(做他或她被告知不要做的事)
- Plays mainly beside other children, but is beginning to include other children, such as in chase games
语言/沟通
- 当他们命名时指向物品或图片
- 知道s names of familiar people and body parts
- Says sentences with two to four words
- Follows simple instructions
- 重复谈话中听到的话
- Points to things in a book
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 即使藏在两三个被子里也能找到东西
- Begins to sort shapes and colors
- 在熟悉的书籍中完成句子和押韵
- 玩简单的假装游戏
- 建造四个或更多街区的塔楼
- 可能一只手比另一只手用得多
- 遵循两步说明,如“拿起鞋子并将它们放入壁橱里”
- 在猫,鸟或狗等图片书中的名称
运动/物理
- 站在脚尖上
- Kicks a ball
- 开始运行
- 在没有帮助的情况下爬上爬下家具
- 在楼梯上走来走去
- Throws ball overhand
- 制作或复制直线和圆圈
Social / Emotional
- Copies adults and friends
- 在没有提示的情况下向朋友展示感情
- Takes turns in games
- 表现出对哭泣的朋友的担忧
- 理解“我的”和“他的”或“她的”的意思
- 表现出广泛的情感
- Separates easily from mom and dad
语言/沟通
- Follows instructions with two or three steps
- 你能说出最熟悉的事情吗
- 了解“In,”和“下”和“下”的单词
- 名字,年龄和性别
- 说出一个朋友的名字
- Says words like "I," "me," "we," and "you" and some plurals ("cars," "dogs," "cats")
- Talks well enough for strangers to understand most of the time
- 使用两到三个句子进行对话
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 可以用按钮,杠杆和移动部件工作玩具
- Plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people
- 有三块或四块拼图吗
- 明白“二”的意思
- 用铅笔或蜡笔复制一个圆
- Turns book pages one at a time
- 建造超过六个街区的塔楼
- 螺钉和拧下罐盖或转动门把手
运动/物理
- 爬得很好
- 跑起来容易
- Pedals a tricycle
- Walks up and down stairs, one foot on each step
Social / Emotional
- Enjoys doing new things
- Plays "Mom" and "Dad"
- 假扮游戏越来越有创意
- 宁愿与其他孩子一起玩而不是一个人
- Cooperates with other children
- 往往不能讲述什么是真实的,并且是什么 - 相信
- Talks about likes and interests
- Shows increasing fears and imagination (monsters, fear of the dark)
语言/沟通
- 了解一些基本的语法规则,如正确使用“他”和“她”
- 唱一首歌或说一首诗从记忆中,如“Itsy Bitsy蜘蛛”或“车轮在公共汽车上”
- Tells stories
- Can say first and last name
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- Names some colors and some numbers
- 理解数数的概念
- 开始理解时间
- Remembers parts of a story
- Understands the idea of "same" and "different"
- 用两到四个身体部位画人
- 使用剪刀
- 开始复制一些大写字母
- 名称四种颜色
- 玩棋类或纸牌游戏
- 告诉你他或她认为接下来会发生什么
运动/物理
- 单脚跳跃和站立最多2秒
- 大部分时间都能接住弹起的球
- Pours, cuts with supervision, and mashes own food
Social / Emotional
- 想要取悦朋友
- 想和朋友一样
- 更可能同意规则
- 喜欢唱歌,舞蹈和行动
- Is aware of gender
- Can tell what's real and what's make-believe
- 表现出更多的独立性(例如,可能会去玩)
- Is sometimes demanding and sometimes very cooperative
语言/沟通
- 说得很清楚
- 用完整的句子讲一个简单的故事
- 使用未来时态;例如,“奶奶将在这里”
- 说姓名和地址
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- Counts 10 or more things
- 能画出一个至少有六个身体部位的人
- 可以打印一些字母或数字
- Copies a triangle and other geometric shapes
- 知道s about things used every day, like money and food
运动/物理
- 一只脚上矗立在10秒或更长时间
- Hops; may be able to skip
- Can do a somersault
- Uses a fork and spoon and sometimes a table knife
- Can use the toilet on her or his own
- Swings and climbs
Social / Emotional
- Shows more independence from parents and family
- 开始思考未来
- Understands more about his or her place in the world
- Pays more attention to friendships and teamwork
- 希望被朋友喜欢和接受
- 友谊往往是和同性的孩子在一起;可能会把异性说成“粗俗”或“怪异”
语言/沟通
- 使用简单,完整的句子,平均为五到七个单词
- 可以沿着一排三个方向
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 可以将注意力集中在任务至少15分钟
运动/物理
- 强大的运动技能,但平衡和耐力可能有所不同
- Sense of body image begins to develop
Social / Emotional
- Starts to form stronger, more complex friendships and peer relationships
- Experiences more peer pressure
- 同伴验收非常重要;可以参与某些行为作为“集团”的一部分
- Becomes less negative about the opposite sex
- 可能会尝试撒谎,作弊或偷窃
语言/沟通
- Can follow a series of five directions in a row
- 关于寻求帮助可能很紧张
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem-solving)
- 可以将注意力集中在一项任务上大约一个小时
- 在学校面临更多的学术挑战
- Becomes more independent from the family
- 开始更清楚地看到他人的观点
运动/物理
- Becomes more aware of his or her body as puberty approaches; body image and eating problems sometimes start
- Develops secondary sex characteristics like breasts and body hair
当您阅读里程碑时,您是否注意到任何可能挫败或挑战成年人的行为?这张桌子可以帮助您记住,像咬,吹口一切,发脾气,不遵循指示,偶尔撒谎,偶尔撒谎的行为,偶尔会撒谎,并使需求都能成为正常的发展。作为成年人,我们必须准备积极和建设性地回应。您将在接下来的两个课程中了解如何做到这一点。
请记住,这些里程碑告诉我们儿童通常在某些年龄段。它们不是艰难和快速的规则。个人儿童将在何时以及如何到达不同的里程碑时变化很大。如果您对孩子的发展担忧,请与您的家庭育儿管理员交谈。万博体育下载官方网站
理解气质
气质影响着我们每个人如何与世界和周围的人互动。如果你反省一下自己的个性和喜好,就会发现我们都有自己的互动方式。了解我们自己的气质和周围孩子的气质会很有帮助。我们生来就有某些气质特征或风格,气质被认为是贯穿一生的始终如一。有九种气质特征,你可能会看到你自己和你周围的孩子,如托马斯,国际象棋,和桦树在儿童气质与行为障碍(1968)。请阅读下面以查看每个特征的极端的九个特征和特征的例子。请记住,大多数儿童在每个连续体中间的某个地方落下。
活动水平贾里德喜欢坐在沙发上看书。 Sasha is always on the move. She plays with every toy and seeks out active play items much of the day. |
RegularityFelicia has variable schedules. Some days she eats snack, and some days she doesn’t. She chooses different activities every day. 卢卡斯喜欢他的惯例。他每天早上都在完全同时起床,每天早餐吃同样的东西。 |
分心弥迦从一个活动到另一个活动。他很容易把注意力转移到一个新的想法或项目上。 玛丽亚喜欢长时间从事项目工作。她可以花一个下午的时间仔细画些画。 |
Approach to New ThingsAbby prefers to watch other children participate in activities before she tries. 克莱德是第一个在特殊活动中做志愿者的人。 |
适应性布莱尔想念她的朋友从她的旧学校。她talks about her old program every day and has not joined into activities in your program. 胡安第一次到图书馆实地考察时就加入了朗读小组,然后和几个新朋友一起离开了。 |
反应强度吉利安很少流露感情。她保持相对平静。 布莱斯的父母喜欢拍摄他对特殊事件和惊喜的反应:他太兴奋了。当他不高兴的时候,最好给他点空间。当他感到兴奋、不安或惊讶时,他周围的人都知道。 |
响应性的阈值夏天经常被描述为“在她自己的小世界里” 如果你给他一个方向或纠正他,加尔文会感到沮丧。他似乎非常敏感。 |
Quality of Mood丽芙总是担心事情,而且大多数时候看起来都很严肃。 Talia is generally happy and cheerful. |
注意广度和持续性Foster is interested in many different things. He tends to dabble: he will start a project, get bored, and move onto a different project. Malik does multi-day and multi-week projects. He has been working on a model car for two weeks. He wants to get every detail perfect. |
花点时间反思一下自己的气质。你如何定义你的气质特征?了解气质如何帮助你了解自己的行为和孩子的行为?
Thomas, Chess, and Birch also have identified three temperament types that summarize these traits. The three temperament types are:
- Adaptable:他们是“容易相处的孩子”。他们对新情况持开放态度,活动水平适中,总体上很快乐。
- Feisty:These children have a high activity level and usually strong responses to new stimuli. They might be considered energetic, assertive, and full of emotion.
- 谨慎的:这些孩子需要时间和支持在新情况下感到舒适。他们可能被认为是胆小的或严重的。
现在花点时间想想你自己的气质类型。在这三个问题中,你最喜欢哪一个?你是否觉得与你性格相同的人(包括孩子)一起工作更容易?如果你脾气暴躁,你可能会发现很难与谨慎的孩子接触。你可能会认为他们行动缓慢或需要太长时间来调整。你可能不明白他们为什么需要这么多的帮助或空间。如果你有一个谨慎的气质,你可能会发现自己的挑战,由精力旺盛的孩子水平。你可能会认为他们总是在动或大叫。了解自己的气质可以让你退一步,认识到这些挑战或紧张是你个人互动风格的一部分。这可以让你采取措施来防止你和孩子之间有压力的互动。
How can you use an understanding of temperament in your work to prevent child abuse and neglect? First, understanding temperament helps you remain calm and see frustrating situations as potential personality differences. Second, you can use your understanding of a child’s temperament to come up with solutions to problems that work for them. Here are a few ways you can use temperament in your work:
性格谨慎的孩子的小贴士:
- Provide plenty of space and time for the child to get comfortable. Encourage families to stay as long as possible to help children transition into your program.
- 避免强迫眼神接触或碰到孩子的脸。慢慢地接近孩子们,给他们时间和你热身。
- 尽量减少对时间表和例行程序的更改。
- 鼓励孩子们带上舒适的物品,比如最喜欢的毯子或泰迪熊。
- Comfort children when they become upset. Spend time sitting together and watching others play.
- 在计划发生变化时提供提醒。
- 为像休息,镇静空间或做作业的东西提供一致的空间。
患有Feisty Lifementes的儿童提示:
- 为运动提供很多机会。让他们帮助翻页故事页面。在午睡前给他们额外的时间来放松。把它们带到外面或停放跑步并使用他们的能量。
- 提供探索的机会。在介绍新的或令人兴奋的物品时,要保持距离。帮助孩子学会安全探索。
- 不要惩罚强烈的反应。更应该安慰孩子:拥抱他,帮助他或她克服情绪。
- 在需要时迈进,帮助孩子通过与其他孩子的困难互动。
面临虐待和忽视风险的儿童
儿童虐待和忽视的风险有三类儿童:幼儿,具有特殊需要的儿童,以及具有挑战性行为的儿童。为什么你认为这些孩子的风险增加了?一般来说,这些孩子可能难以沟通,控制他们的情绪,遵循方向,或与他人相处。周围的成年人可能很容易沮丧或不知道如何帮助孩子。这可以把孩子放在危险的情况下。我们必须小心地记住这并不意味着孩子会导致虐待和忽视。孩子永远不会责怪。它并不意味着只有这些类别的儿童被滥用或被忽视。相反,我们必须记得为孩子们满足这些特征的家庭提供额外的支持。
Children under the age of 4 are at the greatest risk for child abuse and neglect. Can you think of reasons why this might be the case? When we think about the developmental milestones described above, we might see reasons. These children are least able to communicate their wants and needs to us. They are also not developmentally ready to solve complex social problems, regulate their behavior or emotions, and follow complicated directions. All of this leaves them vulnerable to negative interactions with adults who do not understand development.
当儿童不符合上述预测方式和可预测时期的里程碑时,我们可以体验压力。我们可能不了解孩子的沟通,我们可能不知道如何满足孩子的身体需求,或者我们可能怀疑我们的能力。所有这些都可以让一个人感到无助和困惑。这种压力将儿童带来发展延误或残疾,以更大的虐待儿童虐待或忽视。
具有严重和持续挑战性行为的儿童也面临更大的虐待或忽视风险。当儿童表现出严重和持续的挑战行为时,成人通常会感到个人受到挑战。感觉孩子在“按你的按钮”并不罕见。成年人可能不知道该做什么,在危机时刻,可能会采取不可接受的惩罚措施。
总是试着从孩子的发展年龄和能力的角度来看待他们的行为。教育者的职责不是责怪孩子的父母做出不想要的行为,而是与家庭合作,作为教育者帮助家庭成员,了解孩子的能力。
婴幼儿特别关注:长时间哭闹
Crying is a normal part of infancy. All babies cry. Between the first and fourth months of life, many infants become more fussy and crying increases. Some experts refer to this as the period of PURPLE Crying. This does not mean babies turn purple from crying. Rather, PURPLE is an acronym describing the characteristics of this stage. You can visit the PURPLE Crying website to learn more:http://www.purplecrying.info/what-is-the-period-of-purple-crying.php
甚至健康婴儿有时几个小时地哭泣g this stage. Sometimes, it can be hard to comfort the infants. They might seem inconsolable. Crying tends to be worse in the evenings, but you might experience prolonged periods of crying with infants in your program. This can be very frustrating, and it might make you doubt your ability to care for the infant. It’s not unusual to begin feeling stress and to need a break. The best thing you can do is to realize that this is a phase in the infant’s development, and it will end. Try offering comfort that may help both you and the crying infant. Can you play some soft, soothing music? If being held helps to calm the infant, can wearing them in some sort of carrier help provide them the comfort they need while also keeping your hands free to attend to other children and activities?
看到了吗
现在让我们思考一下儿童发展知识在家庭儿童保育计划中的表现。关于儿童发展的知识被认为是对行为的现实期望。对不同年龄段的孩子有正确的期望可以万博体育下载官方网站确保我们根据他们的年龄和水平提供适当的互动和回应。在家庭儿童保育项目中,这有时会更复杂,在那里,您所照顾的孩子在年龄和技能水平上可能会有很大的差异。观看此视频了解更多有关现实期望的信息。
请阅读以下来自家庭托儿所的声明。在左边,你看到了不切实际的期望。右边是万博体育下载官方网站现实的期望。你认为哪些项目对孩子们来说更适合?你认为哪些提供者在一天结束时感觉压力更小?
不切实际的期待 |
Realistic Expectations |
Marchia cries全部的时间。她被宠坏了,认为她需要一直举办。 |
当Marchia感到沮丧和哭泣时,我知道她试图告诉我们一些事情。我正试图弄清楚是什么错,帮助她抚慰她。 |
Decklen never listens! All the kids are supposed to go inside, wash their hands, sit on the carpet, and pick a book. What does he do? He stops and plays with dolls. |
当我一步一步地给他时,黛比克最多。很难在你脑海中保留一长串愿意做的事情。 |
这些孩子需要盘腿坐整个小组的时间。幼儿园的集体时间是45分钟,所以他们现在必须开始练习坐那么长时间。 |
我们保持小组时间短而甜蜜。这是我们建立社区的时候,但我们真的认为游戏、一对一和小组是主要的学习时间。狗万app怎么下载 |
Caldwell is bossy. I need to put him in his place. |
考德威尔正在学习成为这个狗万app怎么下载项目的领导者。我需要找到好的渠道让他运用这些技巧。 |
茱莉亚和卡西迪不停地谈笑。那两个需要分开。 |
朱莉娅和卡西迪的友谊对他们来说真的很重要。 |
Joseph lied to me about washing his hands. He is completely dishonest. |
Joseph is testing the boundaries. I need to make sure I’m consistent but fair with him. |
做
你如何确保你对孩子的期望是适当的?
- Continue to learn all you can about child development throughout your career. The Virtual Lab School has courses that will help you learn more about cognitive, physical, and social development. You will also learn about how children develop communication skills and a healthy sense of self.
- Gather information about child development to share with families. The handouts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the Apply section are a good place to start, but your trainer, coach, family child care administrator or local resource and referral agency might have other resources you can share.
- As a provider, spend time observing children in your program or in your wider community. This will help you begin to understand what is typical for each child in your care. You can also visit programs that serve children who are older or younger. This will help you take the long view on development. If you expect the same thing from 4-year-olds that you see happening in the school-age program, you are setting yourself up for frustration.
- 当你感到沮丧时,记住你在这里学到的东西。当一个蹒跚学步的孩子说“不”或者被咬,或者一个学龄前儿童拒绝挂他的外套时,这可能会令人沮丧,但这是成长的一部分。许多挑战成人的行为是儿童正常发育的典型部分。如果你对孩子的行为有顾虑,请与你的培训师、教练或家万博体育全站app庭儿童保育管理员谈谈。他或她可以帮助你了解这些行为是否典型。万博体育下载官方网站
- Ask for help when you need it. We all need new ideas and support. When you are feeling frustrated or unsure about what to do for a child, ask your trainer, coach or family child care administrator or a fellow family child care provider for ideas. This is a great way to build your own social connections and professional knowledge.
探索
Read the重新制作活动回顾下表中的每一个场景。指出你认为情景是对孩子行为的现实期望还是不切实际的期望。然后写下你认为提供者应该说的反映现实期望的话。
应用
找到能帮助你理解儿童发展的资源是很重要的。疾病控制和预防中心制定了优秀的指南。这些都是与家人分享的好资源,但它们也是一个很好的工具,你可以在你的程序中保持和定期参考。阅读并复习里程碑清单适用于与您一起工作的儿童的年龄组。这些简单的单页清单有英文和西班牙文两种版本。他们也可以是有用的提醒你对整个童年发展的现实期望。
Glossary
术语 | 说明 |
---|---|
Developmental milestone | 孩子们通常在一定年龄左右发展的技能或行为 |
儿童发展 | Changes that occur as children grow from birth through adolescence; the changes can be physical, mental, emotional, or social |
脚手架 | 一种教育术语,将在建立房屋的临时结构中建立一个孩子的过程;在教学中,它可以涉及给提示或提示并逐步减少这些支持 |
适合发展 | 知道ledge and practice based on how young children develop and learn, what is known about an individual child, and what is culturally important |
演示
社会政策研究中心。(2019)。Strengthening Families: A Protective Factors Framework. Retrieved fromhttps://cssp.org/resource/about-strengtening-families-and-the-protective-factors-framework/
疾病预防与控制中心。(2016). Violence Prevention. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/
疾病预防与控制中心。(2013)。了解标志,提前行事:发展里程碑。从...获得http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html
Child Welfare Information Gateway Retrieved fromhttps://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/define.pdf
认可委员会。(2013). 词汇:气质。检索自http://coanet.org/trainings-resources/glossary/?tx_idglossary_pi1[letter]=T&cHash=e79524c68eac91434e364a043b1639a8
家庭倡导计划。从...获得http://www.milelateonesource.mil/abuse/service-providers.
National Center on the Sexual Behavior of Youth. (2013). CHILDHOOD SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT. Retrieved fromhttp://www.ncsby.org/content/children-sex-development
国家儿童创伤压力网络与国家性行为中心的伙伴关系。儿童的性发展和行为。从...获得http://www.ncsby.org/sites/default/files/NCTSN%20NCSBY%20sexualdevelopmentandbehavior%202009.pdf
National Institutes of Health. (2013). Medline Plus: School-Age Development. Retrieved from:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ence/article/002017.htm
Seibel, N. L., Britt, D., Gillespie, L. G., & Parlakian, R. (2006). Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, DC: Zero to Three: Center for Infants, Toddlers and Families.
Thomas,A.,Chess S.,&Birch,H.G.(1968年)。儿童的气质和行为障碍。纽约:纽约大学出版社。
University of Minnesota REACH: Supporting Military Families through Research and Outreach. Resources available fromhttps://reachfamilies.umn.edu/
U、 美国卫生和公共服务部,儿童局。(2015). 2015年虐待儿童事件。检索自http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/research-data-technology/statistics-research/child-maltreatment.
零三岁:婴幼儿和家庭中心。(2006). 虐待和忽视儿童。检索自:https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/91-the-prevalence-of-child-abuse-and-neglect.