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Handwashing

洗手是最重要的can do to keep yourself and the children in your care healthy. Handwashing stops the spread of diseases and infections. Studies find that proper handwashing decreased the occurrence of diarrhea-type illnesses in children and adults by 50 percent. It can also help prevent colds, flu, and other infections. It is essential to know how and when adults and children should wash their hands.

健康的习惯开始初期,can teach children a great deal about how to prevent illness and infection. There are three main ways germs can enter the body: through contact with mucus from coughs and sneezes, through cuts and scrapes, and through contact with blood and other body fluids. As a family child care provider, it is important to know how to prevent the spread of illness from these sources and how to promote good hygiene practices. Maintaining clean hands is one of the most significant steps we can take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. The skills you teach children can also help bring these practices home. A recent study revealed that after using a public restroom, only 31% of men and 65% of women washed their hands. (Judah et al., 2009).

咳嗽和打喷嚏

当有人咳嗽或打喷嚏时，微小的颗粒被释放到空气中。这些颗粒可含有细菌。当我们在这些颗粒中呼吸或触摸已被污染的表面时，我们会增加生病的风险。如果我们触摸我们的眼睛，鼻子或嘴巴，风险会增加。为了避免疾病的传播，在打喷嚏后保持健康环境，咳嗽到你的手中，吹入你的鼻子，或帮助一个打喷嚏的孩子。

呼吸道感染和细菌通过咳嗽和打喷嚏。除了咳嗽或打喷嚏后的洗手，这里还有一些简单的方法，可以减少那些空气毒细菌的传播：

• Cough into your elbow instead of your hand. Older toddlers can be shown this technique, but know they might not remember to do it all the time. It is good to model to help them start healthy practices.
• Cover sneezes with a disposable tissue if one is available. Dispose of tissues in a hands-free trash can.

Keep tissues easily accessible in your program and take them with you when you go outside to give the children in your care the opportunity to practice this healthy habit. You might go through a lot of tissues, but your effort supports the formation of a good habit. Handwashing is necessary after using the tissue and throwing it away.

Cuts, Scrapes, and Sores

As wounds heal, they might drip, ooze, or drain. These fluids can spread infection and the wound itself also is susceptible to infection. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2011) recommends covering and containing any wound that is leaking. If the wound is so severe or large that it cannot be contained, the child or adult should stay home until a scab has developed. Hand hygiene is critical before and after contact with sores, cuts, or scrapes--whether your own, another adult’s, or a child’s.

Blood and Other Body Fluids

Blood can carry a variety of pathogens. Bloodborne pathogens include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Transmission of these diseases in child care is rare. They are most frequently transmitted through needle sticks or when blood or other body fluid enters the body through eyes, nose, mouth, or broken skin. These diseases are not spread through saliva, sweat, or vomit. Casual contact like hugging, sharing a cup, using a public restroom, or coughing and sneezing do not spread bloodborne diseases.

However, to promote hygiene practices and decrease the chance of contracting various infectious diseases, you should wash your hands before and after helping a child or another adult who has been injured and after handling bodily fluids of any kind (i.e., mucus, blood, vomit, saliva, urine). You should wash hands immediately after contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, or wound dressings and bandages. It is important to wear gloves when you may come into contact with blood or body fluids that may contain blood. More about the use and removal of gloves is provided in Lesson Three.

Handwashing Procedures

想想你的手与每天接触的一切。现在乘以任何其他成人或家庭成员，父母和访客到您家的所有小手和手。这对细菌传播有很多机会。适当的洗手是减少疾病传播的最有效方法。

For handwashing to be effective, proper procedures must be followed. Although the basic steps to handwashing remain the same, your level of involvement and the exact procedure will vary depending on the developmental stage and motor control of the young child you are helping.

洗手的基本步骤：

(see the handwashing posters in the Apply section)

For very young infants, unable to support their heads:

When an infant is unable to hold his or her head up, or to stand at the sink, or if he or she is too heavy for you to hold at the sink, you can wash the infant’s hands by using the three-towel method. Prepare these three towels ahead of time, and use them in the following order with very young infants:

1. One dampened and soapy for washing the infant’s hands
2. 一个蘸水用水冲洗婴儿的手
3. One dry for drying the infant’s hands

After this procedure, make sure to wash your own hands, following the basic steps to handwashing outlined above.

For young infants who can support their heads but not yet stand at the sink:

When you are able to hold an infant, but he or she cannot yet stand on his or her own at the sink:

1. 把婴儿带到水槽。小心不要把婴儿的肚子压在水槽上。

   If needed, you can aid your back by placing your foot on a stool to lift your leg and rest the infant on your knee.

2. While holding the infant at the sink, wash the infant’s hands using the basic handwashing steps outlined above.

   Again, wash your own hands when you are finished.

对于能够站在水槽的年长婴儿：

Older infants, even those who are not yet proficient walkers but who are able to stand safely on their own, can stand at a toddler-height sink or on a safe step stool to wash their hands with help from you. You may need to help them to the sink and ensure that they are stable before beginning the handwashing steps.

As they are still infants, you will likely have to follow the handwashing steps with them. As you do for younger infants, gently wash their hands, moving them around and explaining the various steps to handwashing so that as they grow, they can become increasingly autonomous.

再次，每次完成协助孩子时都会洗手。

对于可以走到水槽的幼儿和年龄较大的孩子：

确保有背痛水槽或一个安全的年代tep stool available for younger children. Also make sure that children follow the basic handwashing steps every time. As young children are still learning, they will likely need your assistance. You will likely need to model steps many times, and you may need to physically assist with certain steps, such as lathering.

It is important for children to wash their hands for 20 seconds—just like adults. Teaching the children to sing a song while they wash their hands can help. “The Alphabet Song,” “Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star,” or “The Birthday Song” are all good choices. See more ideas for handwashing songs by visitinghttps://childcare.extension.org/using-hand-washing-songs-to-encourage-children-in-child-care-to-wash-hands-thoroughly/。

Every step of the handwashing procedure is important to the whole process, and a missed step can cause re-contamination and the spread of germs. For reference, a poster showing proper handwashing procedures should be posted near every sink used in your family child care program (see Apply section). Handwashing supplies should always be well stocked and accessible.

看

Proper handwashing technique is important. Though it seems simple, there are several steps you must take to make sure your hands are clean.

Proper Hand Hygiene

Now watch a second video to see examples of ways family child care providers protect themselves and promote healthy habits.

Preventing the Spread of Disease

Do

什么时候洗手

Handwashing must be a habit for both children and adults. Knowing when to wash your hands is just as important as knowing how to wash your hands. In addition to when hands are visibly soiled, there are specific times when handwashing is especially important. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends the following:

健康的习惯正在尽早建立，因此幼儿暴露在洗手方面很重要。您还应该挂在水槽上方的照片或海报，如下所示，帮助提醒孩子措施适当的洗手。在“应用”部分中，您可以在您的程序中使用的海报示例。

If no sink is available (on a field trip or walk to local park, for example), check with your trainer, coach, Service, or licensing agent to see if alcohol-based hand sanitizers are approved for use in your program and for what ages of children. If these sanitizers are approved, supervise the children closely, apply only a pea-size amount in their hands, and teach them how to rub their hands together and let the sanitizer air dry. Hand sanitizers are only effective if hands are not visibly soiled. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not safe for infants who frequently mouth their hands; these hand sanitizers are typically recommended for use only with children older than 2.

Respond to teachable moments as occasions arise to remind children when and how to wash their hands properly. For example, if you notice a child sneezing into his or her hands and then touching toys or other surfaces in your home, praise the child for covering their sneeze and remind them that they should wash their hands after sneezing. At the same time, make sure you follow procedures to properly clean and sanitize toys and surfaces the child may have touched after sneezing.

作为家庭护万博体育下载官方网站理提供者，当你帮助幼儿洗手时，特别是婴儿和幼儿，记得解释你在做什么以及为什么。这种重要的疾病斗争常规可以嵌入您对您谨慎的儿童的响应关系中。模型步骤，并通过儿童的步骤谈谈，因此他们可以与您学习自我保健和疾病预防的这一必要方面。