Know

在你的家庭儿童保万博体育下载官方网站育计划中，有些孩子可能狗万app怎么下载仍然穿着尿布，有些孩子可能只是在学习使用厕所，而其他孩子可能已经掌握了洗漱。家庭托儿提供者必须知道如何安全更换儿童尿布，如何耐心、尊重地帮助幼儿学会如何使用厕所，以及如何对漱口事故做出敏感反应。孩子们对自己的身体和身体所能做的一切事情都很着迷。他们也可能会被迷住，有时害怕他们每天使用的洗手间。他们像了解其他事物一样接近洗手间：通过探索。他们可能喜欢冲厕，打开和关闭水龙头，看着卫生纸展开，并探索他们在洗手间里发出的声音。不幸的是，所有这些学习都是有代价的。洗手间里充满了细菌，作为一个照顾者，你必须做好准备，促进学习和健康卫生。

It is critical to keep restrooms and changing areas clean in your child care program. Diapering and toileting are major sources of contamination. Unsanitary practices can put you and children at risk for illness and infection. This lesson will focus on general practices for maintaining hygienic diapering and toileting practices and procedures for helping a child who has had an accident.

At some point, you will likely help a young child learn how to use the toilet. Toileting accidents are a typical part of the “potty training” process for many children, as it may take time for them appropriately recognize and respond to the signals in their bodies. The best way to prevent accidents is to maintain regular toileting routines and carefully watch for signs that a child needs to use the restroom. Holding the genital area, squirming, or moving uncomfortably could all mean a child needs to use the restroom.

You should diaper young children or encourage them to try using the restroom at least every two hours. For toilet-trained children, be sure to remind them to use the restroom before you go outside, go on a field trip, or begin any new activity that involves leaving your family child care home. These are also important times to diaper children who are not yet toilet trained.

尿布程序

尿布和厕所程序旨在减少表面的污染，包括手，设备，材料和地板。批准的程序后，将有助于消除表面的污染和再污染。

尿布的步骤有很多步骤；每一个都是重要的，必须遵循以降低污染风险。对于尿布，请务必遵循您的许可代理或服务特定指南。以下尿布程序，建议照顾我们的孩子（2015年），描述了八个步骤，每个步骤包括若干任务。一如既往，遵守您服务的尿布程序。

有关使用布尿布的更多信息，请参阅Handling Cloth Diapersresource in the Learn Activities section of this lesson.

Handwashing and Diapering

在尿布期间，适当的洗手程序是必不可少的。在尿布过程中完成洗手的顺序对于环境不受污染至关重要。成年人有两次必须在尿布期间洗手。成年人必须先在收集尿布用品之前先洗手，并且在他们将清洁和消毒解决方案放开后再次收集尿布耗材（见上述尿布程序图表上的步骤1和步骤8）。孩子们必须洗手或者在洁净的尿布上洗手或者他们的手洗它们，它们完全穿好衣服（步骤6的程序）。

Reading how to complete a proper diapering procedure is much easier than actually changing a diaper! Whether this is your initial training on diapering or you’ve changed 500 diapers, it is important to review each step to assess if you are still conducting the procedure correctly.

Toileting Procedures

Toileting, as with diapering, has procedures that must be followed to reduce the spread of germs. Toileting has additional health considerations as young children are learning self-help skills and are participating in their toileting routine. The Do section below outlines some general hygiene practices to remember with regard to toileting.

同时,婴幼儿可以淹没在厕所bowls; they may play and explore in the restroom, contacting contaminated items or surfaces or otherwise injure themselves. For this reason, infants and toddlers should always be supervised in the restroom by both sight and sound.

Help Children with Self-Care and Hygiene

When you oversee young children’s toileting, whether they are still learning or have already mastered toilet training, it’s important to make sure they complete their toileting routine in the most hygienic way possible. For example, teach girls to wipe front to back, so that they can keep germs that may cause urinary infections away from their vaginal area. You may also need to help young children gauge the amount of toilet paper they need to adequately cover their hand and wipe themselves, but also not clog the toilet. In addition, although you will help young children take increasing responsibility for wiping their bottoms independently, in the early phases of toileting you may need to offer assistance in wiping to ensure children’s bottoms are free of fecal matter. Remember to put on gloves to help with this process and to follow the glove procedure outline below. Most importantly, make sure all children follow appropriate handwashing procedures (see Lesson Two) after using the restroom.

Young children who are learning how to use the toilet or who have recently mastered potty training likely still need assistance with toileting and dressing— this is especially true if they have just had an accident in the restroom. Accidents can be embarrassing for children. It is important to help the child clean up, get dressed, and return to the learning environment safely. You must also work to prevent the spread of germs and contaminants during the clean-up. Proper hygiene is important for you and the children in your program. Many illnesses can be spread through fecal matter.

当事故发生时，准备自己帮助孩子清理和改变衣服。改变孩子的空间很重要。您必须肯定会保持更改的空间，孩子和自己清洁。按着这些次序：

1. 洗你的手。
2. Bring supplies over. You will need clean clothing, wipes, plastic bags, paper liner for the child to stand or lie on, a wet cloth or paper towel, and disposable gloves.
3. Follow the procedures described in照顾我们的孩子（2015）。These procedures are provided in the attachment calledChanging Soiled Clothesin the Apply section.

Consider the following scenario while thinking about the information shared above. What would you do to address this situation?

You should do the following:

Make sure all children are safe and block off the soiled area. Wash your hands and gather supplies. Ask the child who had the accident to go into the restroom area while you gather supplies. Put on gloves and follow changing procedures (see Apply section of this lesson) to help the child remove soiled clothing and clean herself. Put soiled clothing in a sealed plastic bag to be sent home. Clean your hands and the child’s hands with fresh disposable wipes. Help the child get dressed in clean clothing. Wash your hands and make sure the child washes her hands thoroughly. Then let her return to play in a supervised area. Clean and disinfect the changing area. Wash your hands. Clean and disinfect the soiled area of your family child care program. Wash your hands again.

Having Supplies Stocked and Accessible

Having all necessary items available when you need them is essential for both safety and health. You don’t want to be in the middle of a diaper change or helping a child clean up after an accident to find someone used the last pair of gloves. Similarly, you don’t want to show a toddler how to wash their hands and find the soap dispenser empty. Checking that all supplies are well-stocked at the beginning of your day helps ensure you have什么你需要什么时候你需要it.

Glove Procedures

Gloves, though recommended and required by many programs, do not automatically protect children and adults from exposure to germs. Adults often feel a false sense of protection when they wear gloves. Wearing gloves does not merely involve protecting your hands. Germs that touch a glove can be spread to the next surface the glove touches.

The following Gloving Procedure, from照顾我们的孩子(2015), illustrates correct general use of gloves, whether you are treating a child with an injury or using them during diapering routines. On theDiapering Procedure上图，请参见步骤1，何时在尿布过程中放置​​手套和步骤4，何时处理手套。

Remember, wearing gloves does not take the place of handwashing!

Toilet Training

Most children begin toilet or potty training, and many will master it, during the toddler years. It is important to take some time to consider the potential barriers to toilet training and each child’s unique development and situation. Considering these barriers will help you determine if the timing is right for the child, family, and caregivers to begin the toilet training process.

便盆训练障碍

• Children are not yet ready.Sometimes toddlers are pushed into potty training before their bodies are ready. It is not impossible to help a child who is not ready to learn to use the potty, but it is definitely more of a challenge.
• 家庭还没准备好。For families to be ready to make the commitment, they must be ready to help the child with potty training at home, bring all of the supplies needed, and to work as a team with you so the child has consistent reinforcement. Transitioning to using the toilet may involve families emotionally letting go of the baby and embracing the child becoming a preschooler. This may be a process for some families to work through; in fact, they may not even be aware that they are feeling ambivalent about the process.
• Cultural expectations vary.在美国主流文化持有the expectation that children will be potty trained by their third year. This is generally thought to be the age of 2 years for girls and the age of 2½ years for boys. Other cultures may believe that children should be potty trained within an earlier or later time frame. As with all decisions, you should consult with families to understand their expectations.
• Timing is a factor.孩子可能身体上，但情绪上还没有准备好接受盆栽训练。也许兄弟姐妹刚到，父母被部署，家庭已经搬家，或者其他家庭的变化使便盆训练成为额外的压力源，而不是一项受欢迎的任务。在这种情况下，最好推迟盆栽训练，直到孩子或家庭在过渡时期经历了大部分情绪动荡。

Child Readiness Signs

The child:

• Has understanding of the concept of cause and effect
• Has an ability to communicate, including sign language—he or she may use words or gestures to indicated the need to use the toilet
• Can remain dry for at least two hours at a time during the day or is dry at naptime
• Has bowel movements on a regular and predictable schedule
• 可以遵循简单的方向
• Can sit on the toilet and can feel and understand the sense of elimination
• Shows discomfort over wet or soiled diaper
• Shows some interest in going to the potty and being more autonomous
• Is able to pull down and pull up his or her own pants

Readiness for Children with Special Needs

When children have developmental delays or disabilities, they may potty train much later than typically developing children. You should work with the child’s family and other resources, such as intervention specialists, to ensure the most inclusive practices when it comes to potty training strategies, timing, and readiness factors. For more information on inclusive practices and toileting training for children with special needs, visit:https://www.healthychildren.org/english/ages-stages/toddler/toilet-training/pages/toilet-training-children-with-special-needs.aspx.

文件的重要性

记录孩子，特别是婴儿和幼儿尿布或他们使用浴室时的记录对你和他们的家人都是重要的信息。婴儿身体功能的变化可以表明出了问题，需要加以解决。对于幼儿，文档可以帮助您识别有助于进行便盆训练的模式。在洗手后，要立即为每个孩子记录尿布和洗漱记录。如果你推迟了文档，可能会出现一些事情，你将不得不依赖于你的记忆而不是准确地记录它。

Diapering and Toileting Is a Time for Learning

换尿布的外商和个人卫生是一个机会e in nurturing interactions that support all the domains of development; it is so much more than taking care of a child’s physical needs. While diapering and toileting, young children:

• 学习正规学校所需的自助技能。
• 在常规护理期间通过听力和言语，通过与您倾听（共同欺骗，唠叨，说话）来获得语言和沟通技巧。
• Develop a sense of competence when they are helpful.
• Practice small- and large-muscle skills, including grasping their pants to push down and pull up during toileting and holding their legs up and returning to a sitting position during diapering.
• Develop their emotional attachment to you, which helps them feel secure and supports their development and learning.

See

Watch this example of diapering and notice how safety procedures are followed and the caregiver capitalizes on the one-on-one experience to deepen her relationship with the child and provide language and learning opportunities.

Proper Hygiene While Diapering

Watch these providers describe how to help children after toileting accidents.

Helping Children after Accidents

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General Hygiene Procedures for Toileting

There are many ways to maintain a healthy environment throughout your family child care program. The restroom is an important place to start. Follow these steps to create healthy habits for yourself and the children in your care:

• Check the restroom regularly to make sure toilets are flushed.
• 检查地板、门和墙壁是否干净。
• Make sure paper towels and other trash are thrown away properly.
• Make sure running water, soap, paper towels, plastic bags for soiled clothing, and toilet paper are available.
• Make sure you put disposable gloves on before handling soiled clothing or diapers. Remove gloves before handling clean clothing and diapers.
• If possible, use a separate sink for general use versus handwashing after toileting. If you must use the same sink, disinfect it before using it for general or food-related use.
• Always wash your hands after helping children use the toilet, assisting with soiled clothing, or touching contaminated surfaces. Even if you wear disposable gloves, you must wash your hands.
• 确保所有的孩子和成年人都适当地洗手。

In addition, when it comes to diapering and toileting, always do the following:

• 遵循正确的尿布和厕所程序。
• Ensure that all diapering and toileting supplies are well-stocked and accessible.
• Involve young children in the diapering and toileting process (e.g., they may be able to help pull up their pants or hold the diaper); it’s something you do together not something that is done to them.
• Use descriptive language to explain what is happening during diapering and toileting.