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辅助标签

    目标
    • 区分可接受和不可接受的指导策略,以应对具有挑战性的行为。
    • 描述并遵循您的课程指导和接触政策。
    • 在您与儿童的工作中使用积极的指导策略。

    Learn

    Learn

    Know

    A crying toddler follows Janice around the room. All day long, the toddler has been crying, whining, and clinging to Janice’s legs. To make matters worse, Janice’s co-teacher has been out today, so a new staff member who doesn’t know the children has been filling in. Janice feels like she has been alone in the room all day. After many attempts to comfort the crying toddler, Janice resigns herself to listen to the crying. Finally, the toddler cries, “Need juice.” Janice sighs and says, “OK we’ll get you a drink.” Janice sets the toddler in a seat and hands her a drink. “Nooooo. Want milk!” the toddler screams and arches her back to squirm out of the seat. She throws the cup to the floor, spilling juice everywhere. She screams louder. “Need daddy,” the toddler cries as she pushes Janice away. In a moment of frustration, Janice grabs the toddler by one arm and yanks her out of the seat. “No. You know what you need? A belt to the behind is what you need. If you were my child…” From behind her, Janice hears a man say, “Take your hands off my baby.”

    在这种情况下,Janice显然感受到了一些压力。当幼儿的行为挑战她时,她积极地致力于威胁一个孩子。她让这种压力得到了她最好的,她以不合适的方式做出反应。Janice决定差,但您可以从她的经验中吸取教训。在工作中感到压力并不罕见。几乎每个人都在一次或另一个时间。重要的是我们如何处理我们的压力。你觉得Janice如何处理她的压力?你认为她应该做些什么不同的?你能否与导致她的行为的情绪有关?

    如果珍妮特花了一点时间慢慢地思考正在发生的事情怎么办?如果Janice曾问过自己,情况有何不同,“问题是什么?需要做些什么?我对这个孩子的了解和她的发展是什么?我可以从这种情况下获得帮助吗?”让我们再次看看那个情景,但这一次让我们想象事情不同:

    When the juice flies across the floor, Janice steps back. “I can tell you are really frustrated. You really want your daddy and nothing feels quite right today!” She turns to the substitute staff member and says, “Brandi, I think we’re all starting to feel a little frustrated this afternoon. Do you think you could help Taylor and a few others get ready to go outside while I finish cleaning up the mess?”

    这次有什么不同?詹妮斯用了什么具体的策略来缓和局势?她很多事情都做得很好。首先,她记得自己对儿童发展的了解。她知道这种行为是这个年龄段孩子的典型行为。她知道她唯一能控制的行为就是她自己。她承认那个蹒跚学步的孩子感到沮丧。她保持冷静,反映了自己的情绪。她在需要帮助的时候寻求帮助,确保孩子们的安全。

    As you read about in a previous lesson, infants and toddlers are at heightened risk for abuse and neglect. Often, this is because adults do not know what to do when a child’s behavior challenges them, and the adult makes a terrible decision. Taking the time to think through difficult situations will help you in times of stress. This can protect you and help you make decisions that are healthy for you and children. Knowing how to respond to behaviors that challenge directly prevents child abuse and neglect.

    Why Do Children Engage in Challenging Behavior?

    有很多原因可以解释为什么孩子们会做出成年人认为具有挑战性的行为。如前几节课所述,有时成年人认为具有挑战性的行为是典型发展的一部分。在所有情况下,孩子的行为都传达了一个信息。由成年人来学习孩子的“密码”并解释信息。以下是孩子的行为可能传递的一些信息:

    • I need your attention, but I don’t know how to ask for it.
    • 我不知道该怎么办。
    • 我需要帮助。
    • 我很无聊。
    • 我很孤独。
    • I don’t feel well.
    • 我很害怕。
    • I’m tired.
    • 我不想那样做,或者我不喜欢那样。
    • I’m overwhelmed.

    什么是引导?

    指导是我们如何帮助孩子们知道成为我们社区的一员意味着什么。这就是我们如何帮助孩子们在各种环境中学习对行为的期望。指导意味着帮助孩子从错误中学习,做出积极的选择。

    Guidance is not punishment. It is not about control or making children fear you. It is about knowing children and creating the best physical and social environment in which they can learn.

    What are Positive Guidance Techniques?

    There are a variety of positive guidance techniques (Hearron & Hildebrand, 2012). All of them work best in the context of a strong relationship with each child.

    婴儿

    对于尚未移动的非常年轻的婴儿,您可以做的最重要的事情是提供一致的护理和培育。提供可预测的环境,满足婴儿的舒适,安全,食物和休息的需求。请记住,哭泣是一种沟通形式。回应宝宝的线索,她饿了,疲惫,无聊或需要尿布改变。始终思考与孩子的关系的背景下的每个孩子的行为:

    • 婴儿是新来的还是新来的?如果是这样,婴儿可能正经历着与亲人分离的焦虑。婴儿需要一个始终如一的、有教养的成年人来帮助他们感到安全。
    • 婴儿哭了很多,还是哭泣异常?所有的婴儿都哭了,但有些人比其他人哭泣。寻找宝宝不舒服的迹象。通过握住她,摇摇她,散步她,唱歌的歌曲并提供像奶嘴等抚养者来帮助抚慰宝宝。试着打嗝宝宝。
    • 婴儿是累了还是出牙了?与家庭成员交谈,了解婴儿的情绪和行为。

    The key to guidance is trying to understand the infant and what he or she is communicating through behavior. There is rarely a reason to tell a non-mobile infant “No.” As you focus on meeting each infant’s needs, you will naturally use the most effective guidance strategies for this age group: responsiveness and positive interactions.

    Mobile Infants

    就像年轻的婴儿一样,积极的互动是指导的基础。您的工作是帮助移动婴儿通过帮助她安全地探索并开始抚慰自己来帮助自我控制的基础。让宝宝或其他人安全,可能有时需要帮助婴儿停止某种行为。也许宝宝正在拉扯某人的头发或试图摆脱婴儿车安全线束。根据零到三(2009),你应该专注于重定向婴儿的注意力:牢固地牢固地设定极限,但不要生气。例如,你可能会说,“伤害了Bryson的头。让我们拉这地狡猾的球。“你可能会分散那些试图通过指出一个有趣的动物来逃离婴儿车的孩子,为他提供一些东西来举行一些东西,或一起唱一首歌曲。移动婴儿对指导技术响应:

    • 帮助他们知道该做什么,而不是不做什么。使用阳性语言,“来到登山者”而不是“停止攀登书架”。
    • 提供安全的探索空间。确保房间里的所有东西对小手指和嘴巴都是安全的。
    • Continue responding to the infant’s needs. Remember, crying communicates. Respond quickly when an infant is hungry, tired, hurt, or uncomfortable.

    幼儿

    对于学步幼儿(通常超过一岁),以下指导技巧是合适的:

    对儿童行为的适当期望:对于12个月以上的孩子,儿童指导从建立有限数量的积极的行为预期开始。这些期望适用于环境中的每个人。例如“安全”或“尊重他人”。对于婴儿和幼儿来说,期望值可能是成人。例如,“我会保护你的安全”或“我会尊重并回应你的需要”

    管理空间,时间和能量:Through guidance techniques, you create a space that promotes positive behavior. Adults arrange and rearrange the physical space and the schedule of the day to meet children’s needs. A common example is moving furniture to eliminate a large open space that children used for running.

    让整个孩子参与的经历:课程是我们所做的一切的基础。如果孩子感到无聊,过度刺激或无私,他们将参与具有挑战性的行为。繁忙的学习者没有时间挑战行为!

    Maximizing our relationships:Guidance is based on relationships. Strategies develop as you get to know the children, observe them, and listen to their play and their stories. It is based on finding the positive attributes of every child and recognizing them. Spend “neutral” time with children, just listening, playing, and enjoying time together.

    表达感情:一名工作人员可能会说,“我可以告诉你现在难以清理伤心,但你自己待在这里是不安全的。”它也是真正的,表达自己的感受也是如此。一名工作人员可能会说,“你在做什么让我觉得害怕。我不认为这是安全的。让我们这样做......“

    注意并认可积极的行为:An important part of positive guidance is encouragement. We notice and describe accomplishments or positive behaviors. A staff member might say, “Jonah, I bet you are really proud for solving that problem….” Or “You are really trying to reach that rattle. You almost have it. Wow, look at you reach.”

    提供简短,清晰的方向:使用自然的声音并进行目光接触。检查以确保孩子们了解。

    Provide choices:Whenever possible, offer children a choice. You can let children decide how they will do something (with red crayon or green crayon), the order they will do things in, and whom they do things with.

    Redirect children to appropriate behaviors:When a challenging behavior occurs, adults must know how to get the child back on track. “No,” “stop,” and “don’t” do little to help a child know what to do. An example of a positive redirection is, “Keep the water in the table” or “Walk in the hall.”

    Use gestures, pictures, or other cues to help children understand:您可能指向墙上的图片计划,以帮助孩子迁移到新的活动。

    不可接受的指导和纪律形式

    You have a professional responsibility to keep children safe from harm. This includes emotional, psychological, and mental harm. There are certain types of guidance and discipline that have the potential to inflict harm and model aggression. When we use aggressive techniques with children, they and their families learn that aggressive responses to behavior are OK. That is not the message we want to send children and families. The following practices have no place in child development programs:

    • 体罚:在任何情况下,您都可能不会罢工,击中,鞭打,打击,或对任何年龄的孩子的任何其他形式的身体惩罚。
    • Withholding physical needs:在任何情况下,你可能都不会扣留食物,睡眠,身体活动或其他需要,就像从孩子那样厕所作为惩罚。
    • 大喊大叫,羞辱,贬低或威胁孩子:在任何情况下,你可能不会故意为他或她的身体或心理安全做出孩子的恐惧。你可能不会称呼儿童伤害名称,威胁孩子,或让孩子感到羞耻。
    • Isolating a child:You may not punish a child by leaving him or her alone (i.e., leaving a child on the playground alone because he did not line up with the group) or by putting the child in "time out" in an enclosed space like a closet, restroom, or cardboard box.
    • 绑定或限制孩子的动作:你不能通过阻止孩子移动或说话来惩罚他(她)(例如,把孩子绑在椅子上,这样他就不能离开集体时间;用胶带盖住孩子的嘴或手)。

    您的计划有一个指导和触摸政策。您有责任阅读本政策并了解它。在识别和报告儿童虐待和忽视课程中,您与您的经理合作了解这一政策。正常审查它是一个好主意,因为你开始与孩子一起工作。确保您可以回答以下问题:

    • What guidance practices arenotacceptable in my workplace?
    • 工作人员和儿童之间的触摸是什么?
    • Who can I go to if I have questions?

    当您开始在教室中观察和工作时,您将看到很多指导策略。重要的是要学会区分可接受和不可接受的指导策略。下表提供了每个的例子。请记住,您所列出的行为可能对成年人有挑战性,但它们是每年儿童的典型行为。

    可接受和不可接受的指导战略

    事故

    设想

    设想A:事故

    两岁开始厕所训练在家里。She tries using the toilet in the classroom, but she begins to urinate while a staff member is helping her undress. Urine spills onto the floor and her pants.

    错误的回应方式

    一个孩子留下污染的衣服,因为惩罚在裤子上尿。

    赖特

    正确的回应方式

    护理人员可以帮助她变成干衣服。她提醒孩子让老师知道她是否觉得她需要使用厕所。成年人停下来思考可能导致事故的可能性:员工忘记提醒她在有趣的活动前用厕所吗?她刚刚开始厕所培训吗?

    Crying

    设想

    设想B:Crying

    An infant has been crying and does not seem to need food or diapering.

    错误的回应方式

    看护者把哭闹的婴儿放在婴儿床里作为“休息时间”,把他留在睡觉的地方。

    赖特

    正确的回应方式

    A caregiver uses what she knows about the infant to soothe him: She holds the infant and rocks him while humming a gentle tune. If the child does not stop crying, she tries other soothers (i.e., a walk). She asks another caregiver to take over when she gets tired. If crying persists, she checks with the child’s family.

    咬人

    设想

    设想C:咬人

    一个小孩咬了另一个拿走了他玩具的孩子。

    错误的回应方式

    A caregiver threatens to "bite the child back" herself or encourages the other child to do so.

    赖特

    正确的回应方式

    者的安慰受害者,往往孩子的wounds, and helps the child who bit use more positive interactions. She stays close and steps in if it looks like the child will bite again. If the problem persists, she works with her team to develop a plan.

    奶瓶喂养

    设想

    设想D:奶瓶喂养

    An infant refuses a bottle.

    错误的回应方式

    看护者把奶瓶塞进孩子的嘴里。

    赖特

    正确的回应方式

    A caregiver notes that a bottle was offered on the feeding log and remembers to try again later.

    玩得很好

    设想

    设想E:玩得很好

    一个移动的婴儿从其他孩子那里抢走玩具,并把其他孩子推过来。

    错误的回应方式

    一个看护者从他身边抢走一个玩具,告诉他“别推了”

    赖特

    正确的回应方式

    保育员给婴儿提供了一个复制玩具,并帮助他找到一个可以攀爬的地方。

    跑步

    设想

    设想F:跑步

    幼儿are running in circles around the room.

    错误的回应方式

    A caregiver makes all the children sit against the wall until they can calm down or she makes the children who were running stay inside while others go outdoors.

    赖特

    正确的回应方式

    护理人员说,“走路”并将孩子们重定向到地毯上的舞蹈游戏。

    Snack Time

    设想

    方案G:Snack Time

    A toddler keeps getting out of his chair at snack time although he is not finished eating.

    错误的回应方式

    护理人员找到一个带安全带并限制椅子的椅子(尽管他身体上有能力安全地坐着)。

    赖特

    正确的回应方式

    护理人员说:“第一次吃饭,然后玩。”她提供了选择或清理的选择。

    Do

    以下策略将帮助您保持积极,创建一个充满爱心的社区:

    • 记住,孩子们(和家人)总是在看着。你是一个榜样,即使你认为没有人在看。你对孩子和压力情境的反应方式很重要。
    • Keep a copy of your program’s Guidance and Touch policy near other information that you share with families. If revisions are made, make sure you have the most recent version of the policy.
    • Practice positive guidance. Ask your trainer, supervisor, or a co-worker to observe your work with children. Ask for feedback on whether you provide positive directions, how many positive comments you make, how many negative comments you make, etc. Set a goal to say four positives for every negative.
    • 如果你不知所措,请远离这种情况。确保孩子们的安全,不要离开一个不相称的房间。只需离开到房间的另一个地方,或者让另一个成年人接管你正在做的事情。每个人有时都需要休息一下。你甚至可以通过说“我要去深呼吸,然后回来准备帮助你想出一些解决这个问题的方法”来模拟愤怒管理技巧
    • 注意你的话。刻薄或批评的话总是萦绕在我们心头。孩子们特别脆弱,因为他们尊敬你。一定要用鼓励和支持的话。不要用羞辱、轻视或侮辱孩子的话。
    • 阅读应用部分中的资源。他们是为家庭设计的,但这些想法对新的工作人员同样有价值。使用您在与儿童合作时阅读的提示,并与家庭共享材料。

    探索

    探索

    在上课中,您了解了机构滥用。您了解到,您的计划中可能会发生虐待和忽视。对于某些人来说,难以区分违反您计划的指导政策和实践的做法。在这项活动中,您将练习区别于两者。下载并打印Conventuum.activity. Read each scenario and mark where you think it falls on the continuum. Share your answers with a trainer, supervisor, or coach. Then compare your answers to the suggested responses.

    Apply

    Apply

    我们都可以使用资源来帮助我们响应具有挑战性的行为。下载并打印行为指南. 这些指南非常适合你自己的专业图书馆或与家人分享。用你所学来指导孩子的行为。

    Glossary

    Term 说明
    图片时间表 使用照片,图纸或其他视觉效果来显示当天活动的序列

    证明

    证明
    评估

    Q1

    拉斯兹洛正在哭泣,追随他的老师。他的行为可能是如何沟通的?选择最佳答案。

    Q2

    Deandra每天都花时间坐着和每个孩子交谈。她使用了什么指导技术?

    Q3

    以下哪项陈述不是识别,赞美或鼓励积极行为的好方法?

    Q4

    Which of the following guidance practices is never OK? Choose the best answer.

    Q5

    Marissa just hit another child. Which of the following is an appropriate guidance strategy?

    参考资料和资源

    Hearron, P. F., & Hildebrand, V. (2012). Guiding Young Children. Columbus, OH: Pearson.

    关注早期学习的社会和情感基础:狗万app怎么下载www.vanderbilt.edu/csefel

    0到3(2009年)。在早期的几年里,应对暴力和教Sefl控制。可从以下网址获得:http://www.zerotothree.org/child-development/challenging-behavior/coping-with-aggression-one-page-handout.pdf