Know

我们是自然社会的生物，沟通在日常个人和专业生活中发挥着重要作用。当你想到“沟通”这个词时，想到了什么？也许你正在考虑“说话”或“说话”的话语。听？理解？身体语言？

能够有效沟通的需求,feelings and emotions is critical to lifelong success. Effective communication helps us better understand people or situations and enables us to build trusting and respectful relationships, resolve conflicts, and create environments where ideas, problem solving, and empathy can flourish.

像沟通一样简单，我们努力与他人沟通的大部分事情 - 别人试图与我们沟通的东西 - 被误解。我们沟通和理解他人的能力取决于我们如何解释和发出含义我们所采取的信息。我们使用我们的感官来参加这些信息，包括听到别人所说的，看到肢体语言和体验情绪反应。然后，我们略有信息。当我们考虑我们解释和发出信息意义的事实时，沟通的挑战会发生在与人的方式不同。误解会导致个人和专业关系中的冲突和挫折。我们对信息意义的方式是我们早期经验，我们的信仰和价值观以及其他影响。暂停一下，并考虑自己生活中的情况，沟通似乎成功和不成功。您与这些情况相关联的感受是什么？沟通有效时，也许兴奋，满足或救济？当有效的沟通似乎难以实现时，令人沮丧，愤怒或失望？

What is Communication?

有效的沟通不仅仅是信息交流;这是关于了解信息背后的情绪。全国专业教学标准委员会将沟通定义为“人类使用的工具，以满足其身体，社会，情感需求”（2012年，第27页）。有效沟通的目标是在思维和思维之间找到平衡感觉。这种平衡涉及传达您的想法，而不会让信息背后的情绪接管。

Effective communication involves a variety skills, including nonverbal communication, active listening, emotional awareness, and the ability to manage stress. Communication can be achieved through spoken language, as well as through facial expressions, gestures, movements, postures, and touch. Pictures, images and written symbols are means to communicate. No matter the method, effective communication can help support and improve relationships, teamwork, decision-making and problem solving. According to researchers Robert Stillman and Ellin Siegel-Causey (1989), people communicate for different reasons:

• To affect another person’s behavior
• 提供信息
• To convey thoughts and feelings
• For the purely social reason of engaging in an interaction with someone

有些原因youengage in communication with other individuals in your daily life?

What Does Communication Look Like in Infants and Toddlers?

Infants are born ready to interact and communicate! Even before they have the abilities and skills to interpret and speak words, they are attentive to sounds, facial expressions, and the world around them. For example, infants will gaze into the eyes of their caregivers and take their turn in a conversation, such as “cooing” back and forth. Infants are intentional about communication and able to communicate specific desires and needs. Their intentionality is seen through the use of gestures, eye contact, and persistent attempts to communicate a request, such as crying when hungry. Infants quickly realize that when they make a noise, people respond. When caregivers are consistently responsive to an infant’s cries, the infant begins to trust this means of communication because his needs are being met.

婴儿还通过非语言参与线索与护理人员沟通。婴儿可能会通过联系照顾者来沟通他们的愿望和留意。护理人员可能会看到婴儿的眼睛睁大了，微笑或转向护理人员。婴儿还使用脱离线索来沟通，他们已准备好从互动中休息。脱离线索包括呜咽，皱眉，后拱，转身或增加吸吮速度。

As infants grow older, they begin to babble and talk. They understand words used in combination with their caregiver’s gestures, tone and facial expressions. Close to 18 months of age, toddlers begin to use action words that express what they see or want, such as “me go,” or “boots on.” They also continue to physically express their needs and wants; what they do physically is just as important as what they actually say. “No,” and “mine,” are words toddlers use to assert themselves and take control over their world. Asserting independence is an early and important step toward becoming his or her own person. Toddlers are also experimenting with and beginning to learn the basics of grammar. For example, a 32-month-old might say, “I taked a nap today.” Toddlers can continue to understand how language works as their caregivers respond with the correct form, such as, “Oh, yes! You took a nap today. You were feeling quite sleepy.”

Learning to communicate and use language is one of children’s tasks during the first three years of life. As an infant and toddler caregiver, you play an important role in supporting the development of and the enjoyment in this process.

Relationships: How It All Happens

Relationships affect all areas of infants’ development, including communication. It is through relationships, for example, that infants and toddlers learn what happens when they cry, laugh or make a scared face. Through these consistent, appropriate and individually sensitive interactions, infants learn how to trust their caregivers, share emotions, respond and regulate strong emotions, and understand facial expressions and tone of voice associated with certain emotions (Smith, 2005). Infants develop trusting relationships based on the consistent and contingent care they receive from sensitive caregivers, and through these relationships they learn to draw understanding and build skills from their communicative and social interactions.

See

做

Infants and toddlers watch and listen to the people around them. Communication and language development require other areas of development, such as visual skills, thinking skills, and memory, and the experiences offered contribute greatly to their development and learning. Infants and toddlers learn to communicate not only through the words you use, but by what and how you do things, such as holding and smiling at them. Take time to review the strategies listed below which highlight ways to support communication for the infants and toddlers in your care:

• Touch, cuddle, and sing to babies and toddlers
• 当您命名它们时指向对象
• 持有和摇滚婴儿和幼儿，以传达保证和舒适
• Invite babies and toddlers to make sounds while singing and sharing nursery rhymes. Learn a few simple rhymes like “Hickory Dickory Dock”, “Humpty Dumpty”, and “Hey Diddle Diddle.” Sing simple movement songs like “Pat a Cake”, “Row, Row, Row your Boat”, “Where is Thumbkin?”, and “The Itsy Bitsy Spider.”
• Extend the sounds and words used by infants and toddlers; for example, if a toddler says, “Me home,” you might say, “You want to go home. After snack time, Daddy will be here to pick you up and go home.”

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Communication & Language DevelopmentCompetency Reflection, and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the Infant & Toddler Communication & Language Development课程指南.

请注意，每个课程结束时的引用和资源部分概述了参考源和资源，以查找有关所涵盖主题的其他信息。当您完成课程时，您预计不会审查所有可用的在线参考。但是，欢迎您进一步探索资源，如果您有兴趣或培训师，教练或管理员的要求进一步探索资源。