知道

婴儿和幼儿是能够和准备的沟通者。它们通过手势，声音，面部表情，动作和语言进行沟通。下一节将突出显示婴幼儿和幼儿的语言和沟通里程碑。随后将通过引入护理人员可以考虑的语言和沟通的三个方面来讨论这些里程碑的部分，即：接受语言，表现力语言和对话技巧。

Milestones

婴儿和幼儿在与他人互动并与他人沟通的情况下沟通的能力会增长。事实上，婴儿早期听到的声音，音调和言语模式设置了学习特定语言的阶段。狗万app怎么下载他们开始了解单词，用文字表达自己，并以语言学习对话规则。

Think of how exciting it is to hear young infants making new sounds each day, hearing an infant say new words, or listening to toddlers express themselves by stringing words together! The chart below highlights infant and toddler language and communication skills as they grow. Keep in mind that individual differences exist when it comes to the specific age at which infants and toddlers meet these milestones and that each infant and toddler is unique. As you may have already learned in the Cognitive Development and Physical Development courses, milestones provide a guide for when to expect certain skills or behaviors to emerge. Think of milestones as guidelines to help you understand and identify typical patterns of growth and development, or to help you know when and what to look for as young children mature. As an infant and toddler caregiver, you can use this information, what you learn from families and your own knowledge in the interactions, experiences and environments you create for infants and toddlers.

狗万app怎么下载学习沟通是一个独特的过程，并且特定于每个婴儿，幼儿和家庭。孩子的环境的许多方面可能有助于沟通发展的挑战。一个家庭可能会奇异于他们的孩子的沟通和语言发展，并不确定他们观察到的东西，以及想象的。作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者，您有机会首先从家庭中学习，并考虑提供额外的发展信息，包括可能的警告标志。包括在一起的孩子可以成为您的宝贵资源（http://www.kitonline.org.), as well as the developmental milestones and act early information located on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website,http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/index.html.。下表还突出了婴儿和幼儿语言和沟通开发的可能警告标志：

婴儿和幼儿如何沟通

As you study the chart above, you may notice that some milestones are associated with infants’ and toddlers’ ability to listen to and understand language (receptive communication). Other milestones are associated with infants’ and toddlers’ ability to express themselves using sounds, movements, gestures, facial expressions and words (expressive communication), and some are associated with infants’ and toddlers’ knowledge and ability to engage in communication exchanges with peers or adults (social engagement). Let’s take a look at how these aspects of communication unfold as part of the remarkable development of young children during their first three years.

接受沟通是指婴儿或幼儿倾听和理解语言的能力。他们开始了解语言，作为他们培育关系的一部分，与响应性，信任的成年人，并且能够在能够口头表达自己之前发挥姿势，面部表情和词语。

Expressive communicationis the ability of infants and toddlers to express themselves through sounds, gestures, facial expressions and words. A beginning point for expressive communication is the infant’s cry. Cooing is another form of early communication and can begin as early as one month. By six months, you can hear new sounds like “ma,” “ba,” and “da.” By 18 months, you may hear toddlers using two- and three-word sentences, such as “me go,” or “more drink, please.”

Social engagement涉及理解和使用聆听，轮流和使用声音和面部表情的适当方法。对话涉及理解（接受通信）并表达（表达通信）。婴儿和幼儿在成年人互动，谈论和唱歌时，学习使用家庭语言的声音，手势，面部表情和单词的方法。

支持ing Communication, Language, and Literacy

Effective communication, language and literacy skills are important to young children’s self-expression, their development of social relationships, and to their learning. The foundation for these skills begins during the earliest months and years after birth. When families and caregivers engage in and sustain interactions based on an infant’s or toddler’s development and interests, they help strengthen their role as a partner in communication. In fact, research demonstrates that these skills depend greatly on language experiences during infancy and toddlerhood. Children who hear fewer words are engaged in less conversation before age 3 with their caregivers, and have dramatically smaller vocabularies than children who have richer early language experiences (Hart & Risley, 1995). Communication and language development happen best in the context of consistent, caring and responsive relationships.

您作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者的角色提供了全天支持这些技能的机会。您可以将您的知识与您的护理中的婴儿和幼儿的观察一起使用沟通和语言开发。在一起，这些信息可以创造与婴儿和幼儿合作的机会，以通过沟通来维持婴儿或幼儿的兴趣。For example, during mealtime with infants and toddlers, you can maintain eye contact, smile, repeat and add meaning to the infant’s sounds, or follow a toddler’s eyes as they look at the green vegetables on their plate and then say, “You’re looking at your green peas. What else is green?” Or, talk about who is sitting next to an infant or toddler. “Who is going to sit beside you today at lunch, Tommy? Oh, look, Cassandra is going to sit beside you.”

您作为婴儿和幼儿照顾者的角色还提供了创建环境的机会，该环境提供了婴儿和幼儿在生活中早期需要成为良好的沟通者。富裕的环境的特点是故意和频繁地使用此类策略：

• 学ing about communication and language development in infants and toddlers
• Talking with and learning from families, as well as observing and identifying the developmental stage of individual infants and toddlers, and offering experiences and activities that can best support their development and learning
• Adding words and ideas to best describe infants’ and toddlers’ understanding of experiences
• 对婴儿和幼儿的沟通尝试和建立在他们表达的内容
• 与婴儿和幼儿交谈关于当天的事件
• Following infants’ and toddlers’ leads, cues, and preferences
• 包括对话中的新单词
• 嵌入歌曲，押韵和手指融入日常惯例和经验
• 描述婴儿和幼儿的行动，兴趣，事件或感受
• Reading to infants and toddlers frequently and providing opportunities for them to engage with books and printed materials
• 根据个人需求（例如，使用图片或视觉提示来促进通信的替代通信方式和互联方式）

See

做

了解发育里程碑是一个三角tant aspect of working with infants and toddlers. Learning about and understanding how infants and toddlers communicate will help you know how to support them in developing effective communication and language skills and what kinds of learning experiences to plan for in your early care and learning setting. Each infant and toddler is different. Therefore, it will be important to customize experiences and activities to meet their unique needs. Consider the following for each infant and toddler in your care: