Know

婴儿和幼儿护理人员必须知道如何safely change a child's diaper, how to patiently and respectfully help a young child learn how to use the toilet, and how to respond sensitively to toileting accidents. Remember that young children are often fascinated by their bodies and all the things their bodies can do. They may also be fascinated by--and sometimes fearful of--the restrooms they use every day. They approach the restroom the same way they learn about other things: through exploration. Young toddlers might love to flush the toilets, turn faucets on and off, watch toilet paper unroll, and explore the sounds their voices make in the restroom. Unfortunately, all of this learning come at a price. Restrooms are full of bacteria; as a caregiver, you must be prepared to promote learning and healthy hygiene.

It is critical to keep restrooms and changing areas clean in child care programs. Diapering and toileting are major sources of contamination. Unsanitary practices can put you and children at risk for illness and infection. This lesson will focus on general practices for maintaining hygienic diapering and toileting practices and procedures for helping a child who has had an accident.

At some point, you will likely help a young child learn how to use the toilet. Toileting accidents are a typical part of the "potty training" process for many children, as it may take time for them to appropriately recognize and respond to their bodies' signals. The best way to prevent accidents is to maintain regular toileting routines and carefully watching for signs that a child needs to use the restroom. Holding the genital area, squirming, or moving uncomfortably could all mean a child needs to use the restroom.

Diaper infants or toddlers or encourage them to try using the restroom at least every two hours. For toilet-trained toddlers, be sure to remind them to use the restroom before you go outside, go on a field trip, get in the car to go home, or begin any new activity that involves leaving the classroom. These are also important times to diaper children who are not yet potty-trained.

尿布程序

Diapering and toileting procedures are designed to reduce contamination of surfaces, including hands, equipment, materials and floors. There is also the possibility of re-contamination when a clean surface is soiled again. Follow approved procedures to eliminate contamination and re-contamination of surfaces.

Diapering procedures involve many steps; each is important and must be followed to reduce the risk of contamination. The following Diapering Procedure, recommended by Caring for Our Children (2015), depicts eight steps, each step consisting of several tasks. As always, adhere to your program's diapering procedures.

To see an illustrated guide of the above (with photos courtesy of Healthy Child Care North Carolina), see theDiapering Procedureresource from the Iowa Department of Public Health located below in the Learn Activities section.

Handwashing and Diapering

Proper handwashing procedures are essential during diapering. The order in which handwashing is completed during the diapering procedure is critical for the environment to be free of contamination. There are two times adults must wash their hands during diapering. First, adults must wash their hands first before they gather diaper supplies and then again during the final step after they have put cleaning and sanitizing solutions away (see steps 1 and 8 above on the Diapering Procedure chart). Infants and toddlers must wash their hands or have their hands washed after a clean diaper is put on them and they are fully dressed (see step 6 above).

Reading the Diapering Procedure is much easier than actually changing a diaper! Whether this is your initial training on diapering or you've changed 500 diapers, it is important to review each step to assess if you are conducting the procedure correctly.

Toileting Procedures

Toileting, as with diapering, has procedures that must be followed to reduce the spread of germs. Toileting has additional health considerations as toddlers learn self-help skills and participate in their toileting routine. The Do section below outlines some general hygiene practices to remember with regards to toileting.

婴儿和幼儿也可能淹没在卫生间碗中;他们可以在洗手间玩耍和探索，接触受污染的物品或表面或其他人伤害自己。由于这个原因，婴儿和幼儿应该始终通过视觉和声音在洗手间监督。

Help Children with Self-Care and Hygiene

When you oversee toddler's toileting, whether they are still learning or have already mastered potty-training, it's important to assure they complete their toileting routine in the most hygienic way possible. For example, teach girls to wipe front to back, to prevent germs that can cause unitary infections away from their vaginas. You may also need to help young children gauge the amount of toilet paper they need to adequately cover their hand to wipe themselves, but also not clog the toilet. In addition, although you will help toddlers take on more responsibility for wiping their bottoms independently, in the early phases of toileting you may need to offer assistance in wiping to assure children's bottoms are free of fecal matter. Remember to put on gloves to help with this process and to follow the glove procedure outlined below. Most importantly, it's important that you ensure all children follow appropriate handwashing procedures (see Lesson Two) after using the restroom.

As previously mentioned, toddlers, who are learning how to use the toilet or who have recently mastered toilet training, likely still need assistance with toileting and dressing. But this is especially true if they have just had a toileting accident. Accidents can be embarrassing for young children. It is important to help the child clean up, get dressed, and return to the learning environment safely. You must also work to prevent the spread of germs and contaminants during clean-up. Proper hygiene is important for you and the children in your classroom. Many illnesses can spread through fecal matter.

Once you know an accident has happened, prepare yourself to help the child clean up and change clothes. A space for changing the child is important. You must be sure to keep the changing space, the child, and yourself clean. Follow these steps:

1. Wash your hands.
2. 带上物资。您将需要：清洁服装，抹布，塑料袋，儿童纸衬里，站立或铺设湿布或纸巾，以及一次性手套。
3. 按照我们儿童关怀描述的程序（2015年）。这些程序是提供的Changing Soiled Clothes在下面的应用部分中的资源。

Consider the following scenario while thinking about the information shared above. What would you do to address this situation?

你班上的几个孩子正在吃早餐。当她今天早上来的时候，你的一个幼儿拒绝使用洗手间。她说她不需要去，洗手，然后坐下早餐。现在，当你走到早餐购物车开始清理时，你会在座位后面的地板上注意到水坑。你觉得她洒了她的饮料，但你注意到她的杯子已经满了。你让她站起来，所以你可以清洁水坑。你看到她的裤子都湿了，你怀疑她发生了意外。

You should do the following:

确保所有的孩子都监督和块f the soiled area. Wash your hands and gather supplies. Ask the child who had the accident to go into the restroom area while you gather supplies. Put on gloves and follow changing procedures (see Apply section of this lesson) to help the child remove soiled clothing and clean herself. Put soiled clothing in a sealed plastic bag to be sent home. Clean your hands and the child's hands with fresh disposable wipes. Help the child get dressed in clean clothing. Wash your hands and make sure the child washes her hands thoroughly. Then let her return to play in a supervised area. Clean and disinfect the changing area. Wash your hands. Clean and disinfect the soiled area of the classroom. Wash your hands again.

See this teacher describe how she helps children after an accident.

发生意外后的孩子

Have Supplies Stocked and Accessible

当您需要时，所有必要的物品对于安全和健康至关重要。在尿布变化的中间有一种痛苦的意识，有人使用最后一对手套，或者在展示蹒跚学步的手套时如何洗手，你发现肥皂分配器空。检查所有用品在一天开始时储备良好，有助于确保您在需要时始终拥有您需要的内容。

Glove Procedures

Gloves, though recommended and required by many programs, do not automatically protect infants, toddlers and adults from exposure to germs. Adults often feel a false sense of protection when they wear gloves. Think carefully during clean up as you could unknowingly spread germs that touch your glove to the next surface your glove touches.

The following Gloving Procedure, from Caring for Our Children (2015), illustrates correct general use of gloves, whether you are treating an infant or toddler with an injury or using them during diapering routines. On theDiapering Procedurechart above, see step 1 on when to put on gloves and step 4 on when to dispose of gloves during the diapering process.

1. Wash hands prior to using gloves if hands are visibly soiled.
2. Put on a clean pair of gloves.
3. Provide appropriate care.
4. Remove each glove carefully. Grab the first glove at the palm and strip the glove off. Touch dirty surfaces only to dirty surfaces.
5. Ball up the dirty glove in the palm of the other gloved hand.
6. 用干净的手剥去手腕下面的手套，在外面转动手套。仅触摸脏曲面到脏曲面。
7. Discard the dirty gloves immediately in a step can. Wash your hands.

Remember, wearing gloves does not take the place of handwashing!

Toilet Training

During the toddler years, most children begin toilet or potty training, and many will master it. It is important to take time to consider the potential barriers to toilet training and each child's unique development and situation. Consider these barriers to determine if the timing is right to begin the toilet training process, for the child, the family, and caregivers.

便盆训练的障碍

• Children are not yet ready.有时幼儿在他们的机构准备好之前被推入便盆训练。帮助一个没有准备学会使用便盆的孩子是不是不可能的，但它绝对是挑战。
• Families are not yet ready.For families to be ready to make the commitment, they must be ready to help the child with potty training at home, bring all of the supplies needed, and to work as a team with the teaching staff so the child has consistent reinforcement. Transitioning from diapers to the toilet may involve families emotionally letting go of their baby and embracing the child becoming a preschooler. This may be a process for some families to work through; in fact, they may not even be aware that they are feeling ambivalent about the process.
• Cultural expectations vary.In the United States, many hold the expectation that children will be toilet trained by their third year. This is generally thought to be around age 2 years for girls and 2½ years for boys. Other cultures may promote that children should be toilet trained within an earlier or later time-frame. As with all decisions, staff should consult with families to understand their expectations.
• Timing is a factor.A child may be physically but not emotionally ready for potty training. Perhaps a sibling has newly arrived, a parent is deployed, the family has moved, or other family changes make potty training an additional stressor rather than a welcome task. It is best in these circumstances to delay potty training until the child or family has made it through most of the emotional upheaval in the transition.

Child Readiness Signs

The child...

• Has understanding of the concept of cause and effect
• Has an ability to communicate, including sign language, the child may use words or gestures to indicated the need to use the toilet
• Can remain dry for at least two hours at a time during the day or is dry at naptime
• Has bowel movements on a regular and predictable schedule
• 可以遵循简单的方向
• Can sit on the toilet, to feel/understand the sense of elimination
• Shows discomfort over their wet or soiled diaper
• 表现出一些兴趣进入便盆和更自主
• Is able to pull down and pull up their own pants

Readiness for Children with Special Needs

When children have developmental delays or disabilities, they may potty train much later than typically developing children. Placement in a classroom should not only be contingent on potty training; development in other areas should also be considered so that the child has the best placement in the least-restrictive environment. Work with the child's family and use other resources such as intervention specialists to ensure the most inclusive practices when it comes to potty training strategies, timing, and readiness factors. For more information on inclusive practices and toileting training for children with special needs, visit:https://www.healthychildren.org/english/ages-stages/toddler/toilet-training/pages/toilet-training-children-with-special-needs.aspx.

文件的重要性

录制婴儿和幼儿在营腾或使用时，浴室是您及其家庭的重要信息。在婴儿，这些身体功能的变化可能是一个指示出现错误并且需要解决的问题。对于幼儿，文档可以识别可以有助于培训的模式。在洗手后立即记录尿布和厕所记录是重要的。如果您推迟文件，可能会出现一些事情，您将不得不依赖您的记忆而不是准确地录制它。

换尿布的和个人卫生是一个时间的学习狗万app怎么下载

尿布和厕所是一个有机会从事培养支持所有发展领域的互动;这比照顾孩子的身体需求。尿布和厕所，婴儿和幼儿：

• 学习学龄前所需的自助技能。万博体育全站app
• 在常规护理期间通过听力和言语，通过与您倾听（共同欺骗，唠叨，说话）来获得语言和沟通技巧。
• Develop a sense of competence when they are helpful.
• Practice small and large muscle skills, including grasping their pants to push down and pull up during toileting and holding their legs up and returning to a sitting position during diapering.
• Develop their emotional attachment to you, which helps them feel secure and supports their development and learning.

See

窟ch these examples of diapering and notice how healthy procedures are followed and the caregivers capitalize on their one-on-one interactions to deepen their relationships with children and provide language and learning opportunities.

用敏感的相互作用正确尿布

做

General Hygiene Procedures for Toileting

There are many ways to maintain a healthy environment throughout your classroom. The restroom is an important place to start. Follow these steps to create healthy habits for yourself and the children in your care:

• Check the restroom regularly to make sure toilets are flushed.
• Check to make sure floors, doors, walls and toilet seats are clean.
• Make sure paper towels and other trash are thrown away properly.
• Make sure running water, soap, paper towels, plastic bags for soiled clothing, and toilet paper are available.
• Make sure you put disposable gloves on before handling soiled clothing or diapers. Remove gloves before handling clean clothing and diapers.
• 如果可能，请在厕所后使用单独的水槽进行一般使用和洗手。如果您必须使用相同的水槽，请在使用之前消毒，以便普通或与食物相关使用。
• Always wash your hands after helping children use the toilet, assisting with soiled clothing, or touching contaminated surfaces. Even if you wear disposable gloves, you must wash your hands.
• 确保所有的孩子和成年人都适当地洗手。

In addition, when it comes to diapering and toileting, always:

• Follow correct diapering and toileting procedures.
• Ensure that all diapering and toileting supplies are well-stocked and accessible.
• Involve infants and toddlers in the diapering and toileting process; it's something you do together not something that is done to them.
• Use descriptive language to explain what is happening during diapering and toileting.