儿童和家庭经常处理压力的情况,使他们的心理健康风险。部署是许多军人家庭的现实。它影响了儿童和家庭的福祉和心理健康。本课程有助于您支持处理压力生活事件的儿童和家庭。
辅助标签
- 描述压力事件的情绪影响,例如部署,儿童和家庭。
- 描述您可以在部署之前,期间和之后使用的策略来支持儿童和家庭。
- Provide support to children and families who experience stressful life events.
Learn
Know
很可能一些儿童和家庭哟ur care will face challenging life events that can put their mental health and overall well-being at risk. Such events might include death, divorce, job loss, relocation, violence in the home, or separation. As a child development professional on or near a military installation, you will also likely work with children who experience deployment, or you may experience deployment in your own family. Deployment is a difficult time in the lives of children and families. Each family handles these challenges differently, and each child will have unique needs. Nevertheless, there are typical changes you can expect as children experience challenging and stressful transitions and life events.
This lesson describes the effects of stressful events on young children's lives while highlighting ways you can support children and their families during times of crisis. You will learn the typical emotional and behavioral experiences of young children before, during, and after deployment, and ways you can support children and their families at each stage of deployment.
幼儿生命中的压力
幼儿对压力的反应可能与年龄较大的儿童的反应不同。与年龄较大的孩子不同,年轻的孩子可能并不总是能够以口头表达他们所感受的口头表达,例如他们是否害怕,焦虑,困惑,愤怒,悲伤或感觉无助(零六个协作小组,国家儿童创伤基团,2010)。通常,他们的感情表现在他们的行为中,这些行为可以是他们对内部的感受的线索。在处理压力事件时,儿童可能会:变得紧贴或害怕新的情况;展示侵略;体验困难睡觉;甚至似乎失去了最近获得的技能。让我们考虑部署以及如何影响儿童和家庭。
部署的情绪特征
部署是任何家庭的挑战。对于面临重复或多重部署的家庭,以下七阶段的情绪周期描述了他们典型的情绪周期。
Seven-Stage Cycle
- Stage 1 — Anticipation of Departure
- 第2阶段 - 脱离和退出
- 第3阶段 - 情绪混乱
- Stage 4 — Recovery and Stabilization
- 第5阶段 - 退货期限
- 第6阶段 - 回报调整和重新谈判
- 第7阶段 - 重新融入和稳定
图1.部署的情绪周期。改编自莫尔斯(N.D.)和Pincus,House,Christenson和Adler(2001)。
当家庭了解部署时,他们面临着在经济,情感和身体上准备自己。部署父母可能需要在出发前度过额外的时间。父母都可能花费大量时间为部署,包装,填写文书工作做好准备,表演日常家庭或汽车维护,寻找保姆或制定额外的儿童保育安排。
Before Deployment
对于许多家庭,特别是那些在部署之前的家庭,在部署之前可能有一段时间的分离或退出。家庭成员可以通过隔离自己来为分离的痛苦做好准备。在此期间,可能会有抗击或愤怒。
在部署之前,儿童体验了各种情绪。他们可能不明白为什么他们的母亲,父亲或其他家庭成员必须离开。幼儿觉得他们的父母正在离开的“故障”是常见的。当孩子们对部署有关的问题时,这会发生这种情况。因为婴儿和幼儿的时间感不开发,他们可能会在家庭成员离开时感到焦虑或混淆。它们可能无法完全理解,直到它实际发生的点,或者它们可能不明白分离将持续多长时间,甚至是分离是暂时的。他们可能会被他们在家庭中看到的变化混淆。部署父母可能需要在准备部署工作时花费额外的时间,并且配偶可以通过参加必要的法律,医疗或财务事项来安排作为单一父母的终身。
所有这些情绪都可以以不同的方式表现出来。在这个阶段,孩子可能会撤回,悲伤或安静。常规的变化可能使孩子更有可能采取行动。您可能会看到婴儿和幼儿睡眠模式的困难,它们可能会显示出更大的烦躁,或喂食。有些孩子可能会哭更多,表现出更具侵略性的行为或发脾气,或者向前行为退回(例如,不再使用厕所或自身喂食)。
在部署期间
当一个家庭成员开始部署时,家庭成员经历了一段时间的组织。他们可能会悲伤,担心家庭如何运作。家庭护理人员可能会因责任而感到不知所措。它需要时间才能结算进入新的惯例。最终,家庭恢复并开发为他们工作的惯例;他们有一个新的“正常”。
家庭成员部署在婴儿和蹒跚学步的时期可能是一个特别有挑战性的时期,因为婴儿和幼儿刚刚开始通过与生命中重要人物的关系来建立对世界的理解。婴幼儿和幼儿向他们的重要照顾者帮助他们管理他们的情绪,特别是在压力时期。当一个护理人员消失时,婴儿和幼儿需要剩下的护理人员,以维持与他们的培育和反应性关系。这有助于婴儿和幼儿更好地处理分离。这并不容易,因为剩余的父母或照顾者也可能正在经历高压力,因此可能难以维持敏感和响应的护理。您在部署期间对家庭的支持非常重要;您正在与他们合作,以维护婴儿和幼儿需要的爱心的响应关系。
一旦父部部署,孩子们会经历一系列情绪。他们可能是悲伤,孤独,困惑,生气或害怕。对分离的恐惧可能是对幼儿的主要问题。他们可能会担心剩下的父母会离开或放弃它们。他们可能需要不断保证,即他们的妈妈,爸爸或监护人是关闭的,或者将从育儿中挑选它们。
在儿童发展计划中,您可能会看到孩子们表现得更突出。你也可能看到孩子们变得克林,害羞,安静或恐惧。所有婴儿和幼儿常见的恐惧,部署可能会增加他们的恐惧。他们可能会被成人吸引到舒适。
部署后
As the day for the return draws closer, the family prepares for more changes. They may be excited about the family member's return. They may feel a little nervous about whether their relationship with the deployed family member has changed. As so much development happens in the infant and toddler years, the returning member may also have fears about reconnecting with their young child. When the deployed family member returns, the family goes through another transition. The non-deployed caregiver might have mixed emotions about their changing role; this person has "done it alone" for quite some time and must renegotiate roles and expectations. Children may also have a hard time bringing the deployed family member back into their daily routines. The deployed person may have doubts about where they fit into the family. Again, over time, the family stabilizes.
在父母退货之前和之后,孩子可能会兴奋和精力充沛。孩子们也可能对父母回来感到有点紧张和害羞。孩子们可能会害怕他们不会识别他们的父母。他们也可能担心父母会再次离开。由于家庭成员访问和父母谈判新角色,他们可能会被他们家中发生的变化混淆。
您可以阅读更多有关婴儿和幼儿的挑战,并在学习活动资源,部署和归属中进行部署:从零到三(2009)的军事生活中婴儿和幼儿的现实。
看到
程序如何支持面临挑战生活情况的儿童?倾听这位经理在部署期间讨论了她和她的计划如何支持家庭。
做
保护因素:培养幼儿和家庭的恢复力
儿童和家庭的特征有可能在经历压力事件时保护它们的属性。儿童的复原力研究表明,儿童的显着保护因素是关怀,积极和保护性护理人员的一致性(零六是六个合作组,全国儿童创伤基团(2010)。这个人可以是持续的资源特定的孩子,可以鼓励他们谈论他们的经历,并提供儿童生活中的成年人努力使他们安全的保证。
根据疾病控制和预防的中心和国家伤害预防和控制中心,您可以在您的情况下支持面临压力挑战的儿童:
- Maintain consistent classroom routines as much as possible. This provides children with a much-needed sense of stability and safety.
- 为孩子们谈论正在发生的事情提供机会,但如果他们不想,不要强迫他们谈谈。鼓励孩子谈论他们的感受并验证他们加强儿童的应对,因为他们听到他们所有的感受都可以。
- 随着时间的推移,注意儿童行为的变化。行为的变化,例如摘除或退出同行或护理人员,可能表明孩子需要额外的支持。
- Encourage families to connect with other families who deal with similar stressors. Connecting with others allows families to share experiences and healthy coping strategies.
本课程的其余部分侧重于您在部署之前,期间和之后的儿童和家庭。
部署前支持
最重要的是,您可以帮助家庭找到所需的资源,例如军事一个来源(http://www.militaryonesource.mil/) or other resources available in their particular Service. Pre-deployment counseling can help families learn ways to prepare children for the deployment.
Encourage families to talk with their children honestly about the deployment. It is important for families to help children understand:
- Why the parent is leaving: The deploying parent has an important job to do and they know how to do the job well; they are not going alone.
- 部署父母要离开
- 在父母离开之前,家庭会一起做些什么
- How the child will communicate with the parent while they are deployed
- 当父母离开时会保持这种情况:例如,一个父母仍然是在这里吃早餐和晚餐,孩子仍将去同一幼儿节目,家庭仍然可以玩得开心等。
Also encourage families to start thinking about ways to help the child feel close to the deployed parent. Are there personal items the parent and child can exchange before the deployment (e.g., a picture or favorite t-shirt)?
Support During Deployment
在部署期间,您可以帮助孩子和家庭维持正常的惯例尤为重要。在部署时期不是时候将孩子转移到新教室或照顾者的时间。向孩子保证他们的父母将像往常一样选择孩子。提供很多拥抱和舒适。尽可能简单地回答孩子的问题。
Integrate emotional literacy and problem-solving into your curriculum. Help children learn to recognize, name, and deal with emotions. Talk about emotions every day. Look at pictures of children with different emotions, read stories about feelings and deployment, do activities that let the child identify and talk about their feelings. Help the child develop strategies for calming down and dealing with anger or fear.
准备帮助父母出现问题。父母可能会被孩子行为的变化混淆。父母可能孤身一人,不确定如何提供纪律或指导。父母可能因厕所训练,喂养,发脾气或婴儿谈话而感到沮丧。父母可以经历自我怀疑,抑郁或无助的时期。请记住,父母很重要,以照顾自己的心理和身体健康。帮助他们与家庭准备组,行为健康咨询或神职人员联系。您可以提供积极的指导和纪律的资源,培训和支持。您还可以帮助家庭想到在部署期间让生活更轻松的方法。使用对话,新闻通讯和家庭夜晚帮助家庭分享想法:
- 通过在部署的每一天将硬币放入罐子中,保持时间;孩子可以在回归后购买父母的家庭礼物
- Going on family trips to the park
- Draw pictures or write letters to the deployed family member
- Have a family camp-out in the yard
- Schedule "date nights" (or days) with each child individually
- Create a family calendar
- 弄清楚每天晚上向部署的家庭成员说晚安的特殊方式
部署后支持
庆祝和家人和孩子。回答什么estions and let the child talk. Acknowledge the child's feelings, and help the child find words or pictures to describe those feelings. Make sure they know all feelings are OK. It is normal to feel shy or nervous when you haven't seen someone for a while, and this can be especially true for infants and toddlers. Recognize that this is a major transition for the family, and they will likely need to be connected with resources and supports. Work with your program to identify resources you can share.
案例示例
Read the following scenario and think about the suggestions provided to support children in your care during the different phases of deployment.
韦恩和纳塔利娅,你班上的孩子的父母,都在军队中服务。他们在亚洲的任务时遇到了,自从以来一直在全世界都在一起。他们喜欢旅行和生活在新的地方。在八年的婚姻中,他们有两个国际作业。两年前,他们有他们的第一个孩子,西纳,她现在是你的小孩课堂上的孩子。虽然他们经常移动,但他们从未在同一时间部署 - 直到现在。Wayne和Natalia都分配了六个月的职责。在某些方面,韦恩和纳塔利娅对这次旅行感到很好地准备:他们知道纳塔利娅的母亲会照顾Ximena,他们已经完成了Ximena的保险和护理的所有预先部署文书工作。他们觉得对这种长期分离的情感造成的造成较少。您可以和您的计划可以帮助这个家庭,特别是Ximena,之前,期间和之后的双重部署?
您可以考虑以下内容:
- 鼓励家人开始与Ximena交谈即将到来的部署。
- Talk about where the parents are going and why.
- Prepare Ximena for what will stay the same: she'll sleep at grandma's like she does sometimes now, she'll still go to your child development program, play her favorite games, eat her favorite foods, and have her special dolls and toys.
- 在她受到父母的时候,创造关于她的父母的个性化故事以及在Ximena离开的时候发生了什么。
- 在儿童保育中困难时期创造一个可以安慰西纳的特殊物品(例如,从妈妈或爸爸的衬衫中享用Ximena睡觉)。
- 提供Ximena,并在儿童保育中具有一致的常规和可预测的仪式。
- 在学校包括提醒关于Ximena似乎困难的例程。你也可以对家里挑战的例程做同样的事情。
- 与Ximena谈论情绪,并鼓励她通过艺术项目将她的笔记“写作”笔记分享她的情感。当她告诉你它时,为她的艺术添加标题。当她需要额外的支持时安慰她。
- Share messages or notes that the parents sent to the child development center to be shared with Ximena.
- Provide honest responses to Ximena's questions or comments about her parents. For example, if she shares that she is scared, you can say, "I am scared sometimes too," or you can address a question about her parents by saying, "Your mommy and daddy are doing everything they can to be safe." Avoid elaborate responses which can be overwhelming to her.
- When Ximena's parents return home, help Ximena talk about her emotions: anxiety, shyness, excitement. Make sure she knows all emotions are OK.
- 组织一项特殊活动,曾经从部署中回来了Ximena和她的父母。例如,父母午餐或野餐。
- 鼓励西纳表达她的感受并分享她的感受。
Take Care of Yourself
您为儿童和家庭提供了至关重要的支持。但是,如果你不照顾好自己,你就不能这样做。通过困难,有时悲惨时期帮助孩子们可以令人难以置信的挑战。你可能会发现你自己的心理健康反映了你周围的人。确保您花时间以您自己的需求。与周围的人交谈你的感受。与您的管理员讨论遇到部署或损失的家庭资源。照顾好自己会让你更能够照顾孩子。您可以了解您自己的自我保健更多信息教师的社会与情感学习(自我T)狗万app怎么下载和Lesson Three in the Self and Cultural Understanding Course。
Explore
The odds are likely that you will work with a child who is affected by deployment. Therefore, it's important to think about how you will support these children and their families. Read the scenarios in theSupporting Children of Deployed Familiesactivity, and answer the questions. Share your responses with a trainer, coach, or administrator. Then compare your answers to the suggested responses.
You can also consider how this activity could be used to support children in families experiencing other kinds of separation such as long-term illness, incarceration, or frequent travel.
Apply
The death of a parent is perhaps the most emotionally challenging event that can happen to a child. Use these resources to help you support the mental health of infants and toddlers as they process their grief.
- American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Fact Sheet: Children and Grief (2011). Free to download or order from:https://www.aacap.org/aacap/families_and_youth/facts_for_families/fff-guide/children-and-grief-008.aspx. - eXtension
托管提供者可以帮助儿童处理悲伤和损失的方式:https://childcare.extension.org/ways-child-care-providers-can-help-children-deal-with-grief-and-loss/ - 托儿所意识到
支持正在经历压力的儿童
https://www.cacfp.org/files/2914/8687/9686/childstress_whitepaper.pdf. - 儿童福利信息门户
Deployment Resources for Families
https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/systemwide/diverse-populations/military/deploymentresources/ - 国家儿童创伤压力网络
军事儿童的创伤悲伤:教育工作者,家庭和医疗提供者的信息(2008)。
https://www.nctsn.org/resources/traumatic-grief-military-children-information-educators - 幸存者悲剧援助计划(水龙头)
www.taps.org.
- TAPS Magazine
- 幸存者资源套件
- 找到支持组
- Seminars and Good Grief Camps - DOUGY中心:国家悲伤儿童和家庭中心
www.dougy.org
- 如何帮助悲伤的孩子
- 儿童活动
- Kids and Funerals
- 帮助假期
- Developmental Grief Responses - 帮助孩子们悲伤:芝麻街
https://sesamesteTeincommunities.org/topics/grief/
悲伤https://sesamesteTeformiliticfamilies.org/topic/grief/
词汇表
术语 | Description |
---|---|
Deployment | The relocation of forces or materials to desired operational areas. Military family members may be relocated to war zones or other areas as needed |
精神健康 | 精神健康is a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community (World Health Organization, 2012) |
演示
卡罗尔,E。(2009)。部署和到家:军事家庭婴儿和幼儿的现实。零到三。https://www.zerotothree.org/resources/34-deployment-and-coming-home-the-realities-for-infants-and-toddlers-in-military-families
疾病控制和预防中心,国家伤害预防和控制中心。暴力预防划分。(2019)。应对压力。https://www.cdc.gov/violienceprevention/suicide/copingwith-stresstips.html.
Huebner C.R.(2019)。美国军人家庭儿童的健康状况。AAP部分关于制服服务,AAP委员会儿童和家庭健康的心理社会方面。儿科。143(1)。http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/143/1/e20183258.full.pdf
Morse, M. D. (n.d.).A Closer Look for Current Conditions:在部署的情感循环中令人欣赏。http://suttutht.networkofcare.org/veterans/library/article.aspx?id=2127
Pincus,S. H.,House,R.,Christenson,J.,J.,&Adler,L. E.(2001)。部署的情感周期:军事家庭观点。https://www.military.com/spouse/military-deployment/dealing-with-deployment/emotional-cycle-of-deployment-military-family.html
Sesame Workshop TLC. (n.d.) Helping kids grieve.https://sesamesteTeincommunities.org/topics/grief/
Zero to Three (n.d.).在军事家庭(CTAMF)周围聚集在一起。www.zerotothree.org/about-us/funded-projects/militic-camilies.
零至六个协同组,国家儿童创伤压力网络。(2010)。Early childhood trauma。洛杉矶,加利福尼亚州州努州纳克姆:国家儿童创伤压力中心。http://www.nctsn.org/sites/default/files/assets/pdfs/nctsn_earlychildhoodtrauma_08-2010final.pdf.