Know

Take a moment to think about activities you participate in regularly. Household chores? Walking? Running? Gardening? Shoveling snow? Being physically active does not mean we have to run a marathon. Do you consider yourself naturally active? You might be saying, “I’m so busy, it’s ridiculous!”

身体活跃是一个首先从培养您的个人活动水平的认识，然后建立增强您的幸福的行为的过程，如一周步行30分钟。认识到您在身体活动方面的位置是一个重要的一步，可以帮助您识别您的健康需求，并制定实现更健康的生活的技能和知识。身体活跃的工作人员总体更健康，而且那些没有活跃的人，他们会因为疾病而错过了更少的工作。身体活动使员工能够通过降低压力和促进心理健康来处理工作和家庭生活的压力，从而进一步导致与儿童及其家庭的更积极的互动。对活动或不活动的个人喜好可以促进教师在护理中对婴儿和幼儿提供的身体和运动发展经验的类型。通过承认您在您的计划中对儿童的身体活动的影响，您可以更好地支持他们的身体发展。

Infant and Toddler Physical Growth and Development

Physical development是指运动技能的进步和改进，或者换句话说，儿童使用和控制身体的能力。物理发展是婴儿和幼儿发展的众多领域之一。它涉及身体的生长和技能，包括大脑，肌肉和感官。例如，婴儿了解世界，因为他们培养了他们的身体感官，触摸，闻，声音和品味。事实上，婴儿在他们出生之前可以听到很好。新生儿喜欢看面部，并将寻求很早的东西。婴儿可以在出生后几天内识别母亲的气味和声音的声音。从出生时，婴儿了解他们周围的世界，随着婴儿开始探索的，迅速发展，发展和学习的能力。

Gross-motor skills和fine-motor skillsare developed during infancy and toddlerhood. Gross-motor skills involve the mastery of large muscle movements, as well as the building of strength in muscle groups like the arms, legs, and core. Examples of such skills for infants and toddlers include reaching, rolling, crawling, and climbing. Fine-motor skills involve smaller, more precise movements, particularly movements of the hands and fingers, such as grasping. As their bodies grow, infants and toddlers progressively strengthen their muscles and become better able to control their bodies. Each new motor skill that is developed is the result of an earlier skill and a contributor to new skills. Newborn infants do not have the strength to hold up their heads, however as they learn and develop control of muscles, they will be able to support their heads and move them from side to side to explore. Skill mastery and development are also the result of brain growth and development. Consider an infant who is starting to walk while holding on to couches and round-edged tables. This child must have acquired strength in the large muscles and a certain level of control over body movement. At the same time, the child also relies on vision to determine where to walk and what to cling onto. As infants and toddlers grow, their bodies and minds become capable of simple and mildly-complex movement and experiences.

父母，教师和护理人员必须刺激小孩和婴儿，并鼓励制定毛额和精细运动技能。例如，您可以通过在移动每条腿以模仿散步时持续伸展幼儿刺激物理开发。最终，孩子将习惯于走路所需的平衡和肌肉运动，并能够自己做。婴儿和幼儿依赖于他们的护理人员，以满足他们的安全和安全的需求。当婴儿和幼儿从培育成年人接受一致，响应的护理和关注时，他们能够在世界上建立信任感。这种被爱和感觉安全的感觉对于刺激发展领域，包括物理发展至关重要。当他们感到安全和安全，婴儿和幼儿使用他们的大脑，肌肉和感官来探索周围的世界。

Below you will find the typical progression of gross- and fine-motor skills in infants and toddlers, respectively.

Importance of Physical Growth and Development

Preparing infants and toddlers for school requires more than developing a set of skills; it includes physical development and health. When an infant or toddler is healthy and happy, he or she is more likely to engage in learning. Physical development and health can help prepare infants and toddlers for activities that support language development, social skills, and other areas of learning for school success.

While there is not one particular area of development that determines later school success, research highlights the importance of supporting a strong foundation by promoting healthy physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development. During infancy, foundations are created and built upon as other areas of development progress, such as physical and motor development. For example, young children will develop the abilities to balance, crawl, and walk from their foundational reflex responses. When infants and toddlers are able to move on their own, they are able to explore and contribute to their cognitive development in a way that was not possible when they were unable to walk or crawl.

考虑一下一岁的人的生活可能是什么样的谁没有开始爬行。虽然坐在他自己的时候，他努力协调运动，例如推动爬行的位置并同时移动双手和腿。他的环境中的大多数物体和人都被带到他探索。物理和电机发展的局限性如何影响这1岁的其他发展领域？

Exploration	Limited motor development and skills can mean limited exploration of the environment.
Cognitive Development	Limited exploration can mean limited experiences. For example, learning about cause and effect (a contributor to cognitive development) can be limited merely because of restricted “experiments” with the things nearby.
Social Development	一岁的人只能观察其他孩子在他的视线范围内的戏剧。这会影响特定社交技能的发展。
情绪发展	The child depends on other people in his environment to provide stimulation. This can affect emotional development, as it may be difficult for the child to make his or her own way in the world and achieve autonomy

Below, you will see some of the different ways that physical development is connected to other areas of development:

Additional examples include:

• As infants grasp toys with their fingers and hands, they are building small-muscle (fine-motor) skills, which will help them hold crayons and pencils as they get older (communication).
• Toddlers begin scribbling, which leads to writing their names and other words as they get older (communication).
• As mobile infants roll a ball back and forth with their caregiver, they learn how to take turns and play with others (social development).
• 随着幼儿在户外推动马车的推动和拉扯一位朋友，他们了解与他人的关系并等待转弯（社会发展）。

努力更好地了解婴儿和幼儿的物理发展可以为您开辟机会，以加强您提供婴儿，幼儿和家庭的护理。

See

Do

There are many things you can do to help infants and toddlers develop physically in your program:

• Support infants’ bodies and heads when you hold them.
• Help the infant see your face when you talk and play with her or him.
• Hold onto the infant’s or toddler’s feet and rotate them gently as you sing songs like “The Wheels on the Bus.”
• Provide many opportunities to practice and use new skills, such as sitting up on your lap as you support an infant’s neck and back (between 4 and 6 months).
• Spend time together on the floor and provide tummy time.
• Place things nearby and offer opportunities and chances for infants to reach for things.
• Create safe areas for infants to crawl around and explore.
• Offer teething rings, sucking toys, rattles, and other things to reach and grab.
• Share toys with knobs and buttons.
• Introduce toddlers to stacking and connecting toys.
• Spend time with toddlers using four-wheeled riding toys.

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Physical DevelopmentCompetency Reflection,伴随着学习的列表, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the Infant & Toddler Physical DevelopmentCourse Guide.

Please note the References & Resources section at the end of each lesson outlines reference sources and resources to find additional information on the topics covered. As you complete lessons, you are not expected to review all the online references available. However, you are welcome to explore the resources further if you have interest, or at the request of your trainer, coach, or administrator.