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体育发展From the Start

当健康婴儿出生时，他们的内部系统，如呼吸和饮食，都是开发和功能的。所有婴儿都需要响应性的成人，适当的营养和适当刺激的环境，以支持最佳的身体发展。婴儿和幼儿的物理发展很快就会发生，并且必须在各个阶段理解物理发展。

从出生,婴儿想探索他们的世界。While each child has his or her own schedule for development and mastering new skills, infants are often eager early on to move their mouths, eyes and bodies toward people and objects that comfort or interest them. They continue to practice skills that let them move closer to desired objects. Ongoing observation and frequent conversations with their families can help you learn what infants and toddlers are able to do, what they are learning to do, and in what areas they could use your support.

婴儿从顶部的鼻子和颈部开始地发展。在出生时，婴儿有一个非常困难的时间，因为颈部肌肉不足以提供支持。随着婴儿和幼儿的成长，他们对掌握运动，平衡和精细和机动技能的决心仍然很强劲。随着婴儿培养使用大肌肉群体的技能，滚动和爬行发生。用手指抓住和拾取物体是小肌肉技能的迹象。

Influences on Early Physical Growth and Development

没有确切的年龄，所有婴儿应该能够掌握物体或阻止他们的头部而无需支持。根据许多因素，如儿童独特的特征，家庭价值观和文化以及可用资源，发生在不同时间的物理发展。然而，许多婴儿和幼儿在类似时间体验发育里程碑。以下图表概述了有关婴儿和幼儿可能在不同时期遇到和学习的信息的信息：狗万app怎么下载

Keep in mind that the milestones above are simply the average ages at which specific development is observed.

Certain conditions must exist for an infant or toddler to grow and develop. A young child’s basic needs, or physical needs, include:

• 食物（营养和年龄适用）
• Shelter (protection from harm)
• Warmth
• 清洁空气和环境
• 健康和牙科护理
• Activity and rest

We also know that the way we ourselves were raised is important to our understanding of how and in what contexts children develop. The values and beliefs held by our family and culture contribute to our knowledge of growth and development.

文化影响我们如何看待和解释行为和发展

Because culture shapes so many parts of an infant’s and toddler’s development, you must understand the practices, beliefs and values of the families you support. Without this understanding, it is difficult to interpret the infant’s or toddler’s behaviors and development. For example, you may believe it is important to help toddlers learn to become independent and begin to feed themselves using fine motor skills. A family, however, may not view independence as important because they believe it is more valuable to depend upon one another.

对婴儿和蹒跚学步的物理增长和发展的其他影响是：

• 产前护理和发展那including genetic inheritance, family patterns, exposure to drugs and alcohol; birth experience
• 早产儿（发育38周前的出生）和低出生体重可能会带来呼吸困难，视觉问题，喂养和消化问题
• 气质，或婴儿或幼儿的方式接近他或她的世界
• 家庭的构成，生活方式，教育和住房水平
• 成熟，或反映生长和发育模式的生物元素序列
• 发展延误或残疾，包括健康问题

You can also review the handoutInfant and Toddler Physical Developmentto learn even more about important milestones in physical development, as well as variations in timing and rate of physical development of infants and toddlers.

The Brain’s Role in Physical Development

你可以很容易地观察到婴儿运动with their bodies and refining their physical skills. Thanks to advances in research and technology, we can now also see how the brain changes and grows as young children develop. At birth, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size and by age 5, it reaches 90 percent of adult size. Early-life interactions and experiences of infants and toddlers help them make sense of the world and form connections between the different parts of the brain.

These supportive experiences and connections help foster more coordination and stronger muscles. Research tells us that as infants repeat and practice different movements, such as turning their heads or reaching for an object, they are building and maintaining connections between brain cells. In essence, the brain is busy making sense of the experience.

对于婴儿和幼儿来说，很重要，为这些新的经历有时间，并探索他们周围的世界，一个值得信赖和照顾的成人照顾者。重复探索的经验有助于婴儿和幼儿了解他们可以信任您，同时确保他们的大脑专注于学习，开发和建立联系。狗万app怎么下载如果婴儿和幼儿没有培育和响应的成年人，以帮助他们保持安全，他们的大脑将本质上专注于生存，并将有机会创造和加强进一步技能发展的联系，包括物理增长。

Supporting Physical Development for All Learners

体育发展，包括毛额和精细的技能，消耗婴儿和幼儿的兴趣，因为他们练习学习技巧并寻求开发新的技能。健康的物理发展取决于营养，脑部发育，中枢神经系统，肌肉，骨骼以及为婴儿和幼儿提供的互动和经验。通过在婴儿期或蹒跚学步期间识别出现发展延误，早期干预可能比如果延迟未承认童年时更有效。以下是可能的身体关注或发育警报的一些特征：

Delays in physical development may affect more than gross- and fine-motor skills. For example, if an infant is unable to smile at her or his parents or lift her or his arms to be picked up, this could impact social and emotional development (e.g., relationship building).

您的主管，培训师或教练可以帮助您了解更多有关您和帮助评估和提升物理开发和学习的课程和服务的更多信息。狗万app怎么下载

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您如何确保您提供适当的经验，以支持婴儿和蹒跚学步的身体发展？花点时间阅读并审查以下网页的指导方针（健康和体育和体育和体育和体育和体育教育协会，或NASPE）：https://www.shapeamerica.org/standards/guidelines/activestart.aspx。Next, try one or more of the following activities with the infants or toddlers in your care:

• 当一个婴儿醒着和活跃时，提供“肚子时间” - 将婴儿放在他或她的肚子上的地板上
• Hold an infant or dance with a toddler to music — toddlers can swing colorful scarves in the air or jump on bubble wrap while the music is playing
• 提供手指和其他运动体验，其中移动婴儿和幼儿可以使用他们的身体
• 在婴儿的婴儿床上使用彩色手机，以便他们可以尝试伸手和掌握或踢脚
• Have toddlers experience kicking, catching, rolling, and bouncing balls
• Encourage toddlers to scribble with crayons

Once finished, share your experience and what you learned with a supervisor, trainer or coach.