您的计划中的成年人如何指导儿童和青少年的行为对于防止虐待儿童和忽视至关重要。您可以在整个程序中设置如何颁布儿童指导。您强调的方法以及您认识到的互动将使您的计划前进。这是一个很大的责任，但这也是很多机会。为满足此职位的挑战，您必须执行与指导和行为有关的三件事：

• 为儿童和青年的适当和积极的指导设定明确的期望
• 清楚地描绘合适，不恰当，有害的互动
• 制定并执行您的计划的指导和触摸政策

此视频将有助于为您推广积极行为和防止儿童虐待和忽视提供更多的语境。

积极指导的计划领导

明确预期适当和积极的指导

As a group, managers have had a variety of experiences in classrooms and programs. Therefore, we think it is important to clearly define what is meant by positive guidance. This may be a review for you, but it will ensure that you provide a consistent message to staff members. There are a variety of positive guidance techniques. All of them work best in the context of a strong relationship with each child. The following list of techniques is adapted from the Massachusetts School-Age Coalition and expands upon work by Hearron and Hildebrand (2013):

Appropriate expectations for children’s behavior:规则，期望或指导方针有助于在您的计划中创造积极的社会气氛。您的计划中的所有工作人员和管理层都可以共同努力，以发展预期。或者，工作人员可能涉及儿童制定规则和期望。将规则或期望限制为广泛适用的一些关键思想。更容易记住一些规则，就像“互相尊重”或“成为一个负责人民”。

管理空间，时间和能量：成年人安排并重新排列了物理空间和当天的时间表，以满足儿童需求。一个常见的例子是移动家具，消除儿童用于运行的大型开放空间。另一个例子是提供许多活动选择，因此等待时间最小化或高效地使用。教人员在一个孩子在环境中存在问题时，首先查看他们的环境（物理和时间）。帮助他们了解空间或时间的组织方式如何影响儿童的决策。

与整个孩子偶然的经历：课外编程是您在您的程序中所做的一切的基础。如果孩子感到无聊，过度刺激或无私，他们将参与具有挑战性的行为。繁忙的学习者没有时间挑战行为！教人员会员如何使用您的课程或编程并定期观察，以确保他们有效地使用材料。

最大化关系：指导是基于关系。战略发展随着您和工作人员的了解，了解孩子，观察它们，并倾听他们。它是基于找到每个孩子的积极属性并识别它们。确保工作人员与孩子一起度过“中立”时间，只需在一起倾听，玩耍和享受时间。

表达的感情：Adults who help children express their feelings nurture empathy。A staff member might say, “I can tell you’re sad about what just happened between you and Terese. Would you like me to help you talk to Terese about it?” Adults must also be genuine and express their own feelings. A staff member might say, “I’m feeling a little bit frustrated that I can’t get this computer program to work. I’m going to go find someone who can help us.” You might say to a staff member, “I’m really disappointed that we didn’t get the new playground equipment. We’ll try again next time.”

注意并识别积极行为：积极指导的重要部分是鼓励。我们注意到并描述了成就或积极行为。工作人员可能会说，“乔纳，我打赌你为自己解决这个问题而感到骄傲......”或者“我注意到你把Sonya打开了电脑。她真的很感激。谢谢。”教他们如何停止并注意每天发生的所有积极行为。您应该迈出第一步：停止并注意到您员工每天都做的所有积极的事情。

提供简短，清晰的方向：工作人员使用自然语调的声音并进行目光接触。他们办理登机手续以确保儿童了解。教人员会员告诉孩子们做什么而不是不做什么。

提供选择：只要有可能，工作人员会提供儿童选择。这促进了独立和自我监管。它还可以最大限度地减少具有挑战性的行为。任何时候工作人员都要说“不，”你可能会建议他们为孩子提供两个可接受的选择。例如，他们可能会说，“你不能在这里运行。但是你可以去健身房Zumba，或者你可以加入外面的Stephanie女士。“

将孩子重定向到适当的行为：When a challenging behavior occurs, adults must know how to get the child back on track. “No,” “stop,” and “don’t” do little to help a child know what to do. An example of a positive redirection is, “Keep the scissors in the sewing area” or “Walk in the hall.”

Facilitate social problem-solving:工作人员帮助孩子们知道什么时候有问题。他们帮助他们学会认识到他们的问题，提出解决方案，做出决定，并尝试一下。教人员有关可用于帮助他们的资源的资源（参见资源培训和课程专家课程的第3课）。

You should help staff use these strategies each and every day. Positive approaches to guidance are foundational to preventing child abuse and neglect.

划定合适，不恰当和有害的互动

你和所有的工作人员在您的程序a professional responsibility to keep children safe from harm. This includes emotional, psychological, and mental harm. There are certain types of staff behaviors that have the potential to inflict harm and model aggression. When staff members use aggressive techniques with children, they and their families learn that aggressive responses to behavior are OK. That is not the message we want to send children and families. You must make sure staff members know that the following practices have no place in child and youth programs:

• 体罚：在任何情况下，您可能都不会罢工，击中，鞭打，打击，或对任何年龄的孩子使用任何其他形式的身体惩罚。
• Withholding physical needs：在任何情况下，你可能都不会扣留食物，睡眠，身体活动或其他需要，就像从孩子那样养殖作为惩罚。
• 大喊大叫，羞辱，贬低或威胁孩子：在任何情况下，你可能不会故意为他或她的身体或心理安全做出孩子的恐惧。你可能不会称呼儿童伤害名称，威胁孩子，或让孩子感到羞耻。
• 隔离孩子：You may not punish a child by leaving him or her alone (i.e., leaving a child on the playground alone because he did not line up with the group) or by putting the child in “time out” in an enclosed space like a closet, restroom, or cardboard box.
• 绑定或限制孩子的动作：您可能无法通过阻止他或她能够移动或说话（即，覆盖儿童的嘴或胶带的手）来惩罚孩子。

您应该明确：“使用违反中心政策的体罚或其他纪律程序是根据服务人员政策立即解雇的理由”（Koralek，1993）。

在儿童滥用识别和报告课程中，一些工作人员被提供了一个明确的行为表，这些行为是“好的而且不行”。值得重复这些概念，因为它们批判性重要，这是一种明确的方式，可以通过新的工作人员传达您的期望。

触摸没关系	触摸不是好的
放心触摸：拍下肩膀或上背部，握着幼儿的手，轻轻地揉上腰部来平静下来 如果孩子舒适或启动，轻轻地拥抱 握住孩子的手心以安全或保证（即，当你穿过街道时） 移动孩子的手指帮助他举行乐器或扮演运动 帮助孩子站起来落在操场上 倾向于受伤的孩子的伤口	拍摄臀部或任何触摸儿童的生殖器或“私人部分”（包括抚摸和猥亵） 拥抱是浪漫，亲密的，或迫使孩子 迫使再见吻 体罚 拍打，醒目或捏 长时间发痒 任何浪漫，亲密或调情的行为：握着浪漫，坐在圈子上，拥抱家具，提升或携带青春作为粗糙的一部分等。 触摸任何不想触摸的孩子或青年 任何满足成人需求的触摸，以牺牲儿童为代价

强制执行您的计划的指导和触摸政策

本课程中包含的所有信息应在您的计划的指导和触摸政策中表示。仔细阅读指导和触摸政策，并参考您的米尔服务上市程式积极指导的政策。这些政策应与家长手册和员工手册中的工作人员共享这些政策。您必须与培训和课程专家合作，以确保遵循政策。如果您在课堂观察或观看闭路电视系统时看到违反政策（参见下一课），那么你必须采取行动。Otherwise, you run the risk of implicitly endorsing the staff members’ behavior. In other words, they might think their behavior is OK. The specific actions you take depend on the severity of the situation and your relationship with the staff member. In most serious situations, you should step in immediately. Think about situations like seeing a staff member hit a school-age child on the head or seeing a staff member leave an infant unsupervised. In those situations, it would be irresponsible to leave children in those staff members’ care. In other situations, you might be able to go back later and have a conversation with the staff member about more appropriate techniques. For example, the staff member who told a toddler to “Stop pushing” may not have realized how her actions and behaviors might have frightened a child. You might have a conversation about that interaction and brainstorm more appropriate ways to respond when a child takes a toy from another child. Other staff members might need to work with the Training & Curriculum Specialist to develop an improvement plan with systematic monitoring and feedback. In other cases, such as a staff member repeatedly belittling a child, disciplinary action might be required. Still other cases might result in termination from employment and/or a report of child abuse or neglect: striking a child, withholding food, leaving a child unsupervised. It is not up to you to investigate or determine whether an action was child abuse or neglect. Remember, if you suspect child abuse or neglect, you must report your suspicions of child abuse or neglect.