Know

保持卫生

It is critical to keep diapering areas and restrooms clean in child development and school-age programs. Toileting and diapering are a major source of contamination and unsanitary practices can put staff members, children, and youth at risk for illness and infection. Sanitary conditions must be maintained in all diapering areas and restrooms. Make sure:

• Toilets are flushed.
• Floors, doors, walls, and changing surfaces are clean.
• Paper towels and other trash are thrown away properly.
• Running water, soap, paper towels, plastic bags for soiled clothing, and toilet paper are available.
• Adults always wash hands after changing a diaper, helping a child use the toilet, assisting with soiled clothing, or touching contaminated surfaces.
• All children and adults wash their hands properly.

Handwashing and Diapering

在尿布和厕所期间，适当的洗手程序是必不可少的。在尿布过程中完成洗手的顺序对于环境不受污染至关重要。成年人有两次必须在尿布期间洗手。成年人必须先用手洗手，然后在他们将清洁和消毒解决方案放在最后一步之后再次收集尿布供应。婴儿和幼儿必须洗手或者在整个干净的尿布后洗手，它们完全穿着。更多关于洗手的人在课上解决。

Toileting Procedures

个人卫生,与尿布一样,程序must be followed to reduce the spread of germs. Toileting has additional health considerations as toddlers are learning self-help skills and are actively participating in their toileting routine. As a result, the chances of contamination are increased.

Have Supplies Stocked and Accessible

当工作人员需要它们时，所有必要的物品都对于安全和健康至关重要。在尿布变化的中间实现，有人使用最后一对手套是令人敬畏的。或者，当显示幼儿如何洗手时，您注意到SOAP分配器是空的。与员工合作，以制定系统;有人应该检查所有用具在一天开始时是否储备良好，以确保工作人员在需要时始终拥有他们所需的内容。这可能是每个房间或计划中的开幕式工作人员的责任。

Glove Procedures

Gloves, though recommended and required by many programs, do not automatically protect infants, toddlers and adults from exposure to germs. Adults often feel a false sense of protection when they wear gloves. Wearing gloves merely involves protecting your hands; germs that touch a glove can unknowingly be spread to the next surface the glove touches.

来自关注我们的孩子（2015年）的以下手套程序说明了手套的正确一般用途，无论您是在尿布惯例期间用伤害或使用它们的婴儿或幼儿。

1. 如果手视觉弄脏手套前，请在使用手套之前洗手。
2. Put on a clean pair of gloves.
3. Provide appropriate care.
4. 仔细删除每个手套。抓住棕榈的第一个手套，剥去手套。仅触摸脏曲面到脏曲面。
5. Ball up the dirty glove in the palm of the other gloved hand.
6. 用干净的手把手套从手腕下面剥下来，把手套翻过来。只接触脏表面。
7. Discard the dirty gloves immediately in a step can. Wash your hands.

Remember, wearing gloves does not take the place of handwashing! Lesson Two provides a visual handout on the procedure for removing gloves that you can share with staff.

便盆训练

Many staff members who work with infants and toddlers, or young preschoolers, will need guidance in potty training issues. Potty training is an important milestone for children and one that staff members must approach sensitively. You can help teachers and staff members learn:

• When children are typically ready to begin potty training
• How to tell if a particular child is ready for potty training
• How to help children potty train successfully
• How to help children (including preschool and school-age children) respond to accidents
• How to work with and stay sensitive to families concerns and input about potty training.

Watch this video for other ways you can support toilet training in your setting.

Supervise & Support

Toilet Training Toddlers

You should also remember that staff members who work with preschoolers or school-age children may also need support around promoting independent toileting. For most children, potty training is a distant memory by kindergarten. That doesn't mean that there won't be an occasional accident. It also doesn't mean that they won't need some support around their growing independence. Here are some things to keep in mind when supporting staff who work with school-age children and older preschoolers.

• 事故发生,他们可以羞辱the child. Make sure staff respond sensitively and make it a point to protect the child's privacy. Help staff members think about ways to minimize attention toward the accident and ways they can subtly help children find clean clothes. It's also important that staff members help children "save face" when they re-enter the program area after an accident.
• Promote independence in young school-agers. In most school-age programs, children do not need adult permission to use the restroom, but this might be a new and difficult idea for young children transitioning into the program. Help staff remain patient and support children as they learn to recognize their own needs and take care of them independently.
• Plan ahead. Changes in routine or exciting special events can make children forget to take care of their needs. This means staff should remind preschool and school-age children to use the restroom before field trips or long bus rides.

In addition to these points, remember that accidents must be handled appropriately to limit contamination and the spread of germs. Attached, find the steps that a staff member should follow in the event a toddler, preschooler or school-age child has an accident. With trainers and coaches, talk through different case scenarios so staff members feel prepared to handle accidents sensitively and with proper hygiene practices.

如厕训练的障碍

• Children are not yet ready.Sometimes toddlers are pushed into potty training before their bodies are ready. It is not impossible to help a child who is not ready to learn to use the potty, but it is definitely more of a challenge.
• Families are not yet ready.For families to be ready to make the commitment, they must be ready to help the child with potty training at home, bring all of the supplies needed, and to work as a team with the teaching staff so the child has consistent reinforcement. Transitioning to use the toilet may involve families emotionally letting go of their baby and embracing that their child is now a preschooler. This may be a process for some families to work through; in fact, they may not even be aware that they are feeling ambivalent about this process.
• Cultural expectations vary.在美国的共同期望拥有孩子们将在第三年训练;女孩和男孩2个年龄为2年。其他文化可能会促进儿童在早期或以后的时间范围内应感染盆景。与所有决策一样，工作人员应咨询家庭以了解他们的期望。
• Timing is a factor.一个孩子可能是身体上的，但在情感上没有准备好培训。也许一个新的兄弟姐妹已到达，父母部署，家庭已经移动，或其他家庭变化使便盆培训了一个额外的压力座，而不是欢迎任务。在这些情况下，在这些情况下是延迟氛围，直到儿童或家庭通过过渡的大部分情绪上升。

计划支持

Families take the lead in potty training. Your staff should consult with the families, share ideas about readiness signs and decide together how to best work with the child. Your staff should openly work with families whose cultural beliefs and values create different expectations for when and how potty training is conducted. Communicating ideas and expectations is the best way to provide care that is in the best interests of the child.

Toilet training is typically easier for children when they can feel the effects of "accidents" and can take an active role in changing to dry clothing. You should adhere to your Service's or program's policies on what kinds of clothing should be worn when potty training and be sure to have your staff communicate with the families about these policies.

家庭和员工应该就适当的单词达成一致。大多数计划使用人体功能和身体部位（肠道运动，尿液等）的接受名称。需要家庭需要讨论，以便如果家庭和员工可以使用相同的单词。

Expectations align when communication remains open and all members of the team are ready and work together. Appropriate praise and positive reinforcement by staff is important in encouraging children to transition to potty use. Being specific in the praise ("You stayed dry," "You went in the potty all by yourself!") helps keep the feedback specific and authentic.

Diapering and Toileting Is a Time for Learning

Diapering and toileting is an opportunity to engage in nurturing interactions that support all domains of development; it is so much more than taking care of a child's physical needs. While diapering and toileting, infants and toddlers:

• Learn self-help skills needed for preschool.
• Acquire language and communication skills through listening and verbalizing (cooing, babbling, talking) with staff during routine care.
• Develop a sense of competence when they are helpful.
• Practice small and large muscle skills, including grasping their pants to push down and pull up during toileting and holding their legs up and returning to a sitting position during diapering.
• Develop their emotional attachment to staff, which helps them feel secure and supports their development and learning.

The Importance of Documentation

Recording when infants and toddlers are diapered or when they use the bathroom is important information to both staff and their families. Changes in these bodily functions of infants can be an indication that something is wrong and needs to be addressed. For toddlers, documentation helps potty training when staff can identify toileting patterns. It is important to document diapering and toileting records immediately. If staff put off documentation, something will likely come up and they will have to rely on their memory rather than recording it accurately.

管理Practices That Support Appropriate Potty Training and Toilet Hygiene

The chart below summarizes your key responsibilities when it comes to ensuring that your Service's requirements for potty training are met.

管理Practices		Staff Practices
我应该永远......	To ensure	Staff never…
Make certain that staff are trained on our Service's requirements and best practices for potty training		Fail to follow proper procedures for diapering and potty training Start the potty training process without first meeting with the family to discuss readiness, expectations and term agreement 在他们准备好之前，压力家庭或儿童使用便盆 Stigmatize families or children who delay potty training due to cultural beliefs Forget to track progress and communicate that progress daily to families
提供设备和用品员工需要便携式培训		Forgo proper diapering or toileting procedures due to a lack of supplies
Keep family and staff handbooks up to date about our program's philosophy when it comes to potty training		Fail to follow our program's policies and philosophy when it comes to potty training
Ensure staff are trained on how to appropriately respond to toileting accidents		Respond insensitively to a child's toilet accident or fail to address the accident with proper hygienic procedures
在洗手间或改变区域进行方案步行，和/或提供清单，用品和其他工具，以确保厕所和变化区域保持清洁		在不卫生条件下留下洗手间或改变区域 没有维持卫生如厕和尿布做法所需的材料