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    目标
    • 深化您对个体医疗保健需求的理解以及正确施用药物的重要性。
    • 建议管理实践,以确保工作人员在您的计划中满足儿童和青年的个人健康需求。
    • 目前申请本课程内容的机会,以确保正确施用药物的监督和问责制,从而满足儿童和青年的个人健康需求。

    知道

    作为经理,您必须努力满足参加您计划的儿童和家庭的需求。儿童和青少年可能需要额外的对健康需求的支持,例如食物过敏或哮喘。应在注册时确定健康需求,因此您可以与您的员工合作,为第一天之前的所有儿童提供课堂和计划安全。However, if health needs present after a child is enrolled (e.g., the family of a toddler in your program discovers that their daughter has a severe allergy to peanuts), you must work with families and staff to update the appropriate documentation and ensure training and the environment are updated to meet the child's new special health care needs.

    Health needs should be addressed using your health care plan to ensure that there is a system in place that addresses all facets of a child's health care needs. If a health care need arises after a child is enrolled, the care plan needs to be written as soon as you and your staff are informed. Medical and physical care plans should be completed for children and youth with special needs or health conditions in accordance with your requirements. As the manager, you should be aware of your program's policies on serving children with special needs and also how to support staff to ensure all needs are met.

    通过确定的医疗保健需求进入该计划的每个孩子都应该有个人护理计划。此护理计划由初级保健提供者和家庭开发。它将为您提供和您的工作人员,有关如何关心孩子的信息。它还将提供有关迹象或症状的信息。您的工作是与家人和员工合作,将计划到位。

    根据照顾我们的孩子(第3 Ed。),a care plan typically includes information like:

    • 孩子的诊断或诊断
    • 初级保健提供商的联系方式(医生)
    • Medications along with the schedule in which the medicine should be given
    • 可根据需要提供的药物以及有关令人担保药物的迹象和症状的明确指示
    • 施用药物的程序
    • Allergies
    • 儿童所需的修改(饮食,活动,环境,行为,避免什么 - 例如,花生等)
    • 症状寻找
    • 应急响应计划
    • 特殊培训您和您的团队可能需要与孩子合作

    在某些情况下,您或您的计划与家庭和儿童的初级保健提供者沟通可能会有所帮助。请记住,获得的任何沟通和信息都是机密和受到家庭教育权利和隐私法(FERPA)和健康保险便携性和问责法(HIPAA)的保护。确保您和您的员工熟悉这些规定;请参阅您的计划的指导方针和有关谁应与儿童的初级保健提供者交谈的政策。医疗保健顾问可以是一个很好的资源。

    常见的医疗保健需求

    儿童和青年之间的一些最常见的医疗保健需求是过敏性和哮喘。以下信息提供了每个医疗保健需要的概述,观看,以及支持这些需求的人员的方式。

    Allergies

    过敏症是儿童最常见的医疗保健需求之一。过敏会导致各种各样的症状,包括更广泛的原因。根据美国儿科学院(AAP),过敏症是“通常由过度活跃的免疫系统引起的反应。这些反应可以在身体的各种器官中发生,导致哮喘,花粉热和湿疹等疾病。在过敏反应期间,免疫系统过度反应,并反对通常的无害物质(例如花粉或动物剥皮)的作用。这些过敏挑衅物质称为过敏原。“作为经理,确保工作人员意识到儿童或青年在他们的照顾中的过敏原,他们的常见症状和对这些过敏原的反应,以及他们可以做些什么来使他们的课堂或节目空间融合友好。

    过敏可能难以诊断,可以在任何年龄发生。孩子可能没有任何过敏症状,但到5岁以上,他们可以产生严重的过敏。这就是为什么员工监督儿童健康在他们的照顾中很重要。如果他们担心他们的护理人员可能有过敏,工作人员也应该感到舒适。

    食物过敏

    Food allergies are on the rise (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013). According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, 8 percent of children under the age of 18 have a food allergy or multiple food allergies. That is roughly 6 million children in the U.S. (AAP, 2011). Various proteins, harmless to people without allergies, can trigger serious reactions in people with food allergies. The reactions can range from mild to severe, including death. Allergic reactions usually happen shortly after the food is eaten.

    最近的科学和医学进步已经提供了技术诊断食物过敏,更容易且精确地诊断食物过敏。我们现在知道许多孩子患有食物过敏,其中一些可能是严重的,甚至危及生命。例如,我们已经看到了花生过敏的儿童增加,因此整个教室和护理环境已经成为花生免版税zones in an effort to prevent any serious allergic reactions.

    虽然有些孩子和青少年可能意识到自己的食物过敏和他们必须采取的预防措施,但并非所有孩子都会完全理解它的意思,或者他们可以吃什么食物。因此,工作人员必须了解他们护理中的任何儿童或青年是否有食物过敏。记录过敏列表应在每个课堂或计划中发布。保持警惕,以确保儿童没有暴露于含有已知过敏原的食物。如果您的计划中有一个严重的过敏,您,那些直​​接照顾孩子的工作人员,也许是工作人员的教练,以及护士或卫生援助,应与家庭会面,讨论任何药物或紧急计划。

    食物过敏可能会影响身体的许多部位。常见的症状包括:

    • Hives, skin rashes, and swelling
    • 打喷嚏,喘息和喉咙紧绷
    • Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
    • 灯头,并失去意识

    如果症状严重或者身体的几个区域受到影响,则反应可能是危及生命的。如果孩子有瘙痒,喉咙肿胀,并且低血压,它们可能有过敏反应,并且需要立即医疗。工作人员应该知道,如果孩子具有严重或普通的过敏反应,他们应该寻求立即应急的医疗。

    虽然有超过160种类型的食物,可导致敏感性的过敏反应,但这八种食物占90%的食物过敏反应:

    • 牛奶
    • 甲壳类贝类(例如蟹,龙虾,虾)
    • 树坚果(例如,杏仁,核桃,山核桃)
    • 花生
    • 小麦
    • 大豆

    This topic is explored in greater detail in儿童保育食品服务的七节课程课程。

    查看每个孩子的注册申请,以确保部分完全填写:

    • 病史
    • 总体健康
    • 过敏或饮食考虑

    Your staff need to communicate openly with families about food items that children might be allergic to. They need to read ingredient lists and know the different versions and types of allergens. For example, nut products and byproducts are included in a variety of foods you might not expect; potato chips fried it peanut oil for example. If there is any doubt concerning a food or product, families need to be consulted. Quality assurances need to be established as formal standardized practices for the program to ensure that every child is screened accordingly and does not slip through the monitoring aspect of keeping children safe. If you do not already have one in place, establish a system to monitor allergies to eliminate risk.

    您可以通过参观食物过敏研究和教育(票价)网站来阅读儿童和青少年的儿童和青少年的关注儿童和青年的更多信息:https://www.foodallergy.org/resources?_limit=12&_page=1&audience=19。You can also refer to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's在学校和早期护理和教育方案中管理食物过敏的自愿准则位于学习活动部分中。

    Non-Food Allergies

    还有许多其他过敏原(人造和天然),可能会导致流鼻涕或打喷嚏,咳嗽,喘息,胸闷,皮疹,发痒和水汪汪的眼睛等过敏症状。常见的非食物相关过敏原包括:

    • 尘螨
    • 动物或动物皮屑
    • 模子
    • 花粉(树木,草,杂草,花)

    哮喘

    根据the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 26 million Americans suffer from asthma--more than 6 million of whom are under the age of 18 (CDC, 2018). As the number of people with asthma continues to rise, more accurate methods are available to diagnose and treat the disease. Asthma can begin at any age; however most children with asthma develop symptoms by age 5 (Cleveland Clinic, 2013). The American Association of Pediatricians defines asthma as a chronic respiratory disease of the tubes that carry air to the lungs. These air passages become narrow and their linings become swollen, irritated, and inflamed, making breathing difficult (AAP, 2015).

    哮喘可能难以诊断。虽然航空公司总是刺激和发炎,但症状并不总是存在,但通常是零星的:有时它们经常发生,但在其他时候可能存在症状之间的长期。哮喘往往误认为是其他健康问题,例如呼吸道感染,肺炎,支气管炎或慢性咳嗽。出于这些原因,重要的是,家庭和护理人员会对哮喘的可能性进行警告,如果看到以下任何症状,请寻求帮助:

    • 喘息
    • 常规咳嗽
    • Tight feeling in chest
    • 气促

    哮喘发作

    哮喘袭击对任何人来说都是可怕的体验,但他们对孩子们特别令人恐惧。被诊断患有哮喘的儿童可能会教授应对攻击的策略,并可能规定吸入器。重要的是,工作人员知道如何应对哮喘袭击以及如何安慰害怕的孩子。如果发生哮喘攻击,请确保员工遵循孩子的护理计划。如果孩子在您的计划中有第一个哮喘攻击,员工将立即寻求紧急医疗。他们还应该尽最大努力让孩子保持冷静,鼓励他们慢慢呼吸。

    照顾不太常见的健康需求:医疗程序

    有时,有更严重的医疗需求的儿童可以进入您的计划。它们的医疗需求可能包括管喂养,导管,抽吸或检查血糖。在这些情况下,必须从儿童的初级保健提供者到位护理计划。如果有望履行该程序(如果在国家法律上可接受),该计划必须包括培训人员在该程序中的准则。一定要支持员工以获得他们可能需要的任何培训。

    监督和支持

    让每个人都知道

    It is your responsibility to inform staff of a child's special health needs and to ensure staff are prepared to meet any of the child's individualized needs before their first day in your program. This may include training on such topics as how to administer a breathing treatment for a child with asthma. Staff should also be trained in reading and following individual health plans. Health plans should be updated according to your program's requirements and as needed.

    关于食物过敏的信息应与所有工作人员共享。使用儿童名称和食物过敏的日期讲义应该在厨房里挂在厨房里,为膳食准备工作人员和教学人员的课堂上。许多程序在橱柜门内部发布信息或覆盖儿童的名称,因此保持保密。按照您的策略发布此信息。

    家庭有责任在入学时向您通知您,他们的儿童的任何医疗,健康或饮食问题可能影响儿童或青少年在您的计划中收到的。确保您的Intake文书包含有关特殊健康需求的问题,并始终确保您与工作人员和家庭的沟通仍然开放。

    Cultural Considerations

    膳食和餐饮时间可以从提供的食物类型中具有文化的影响,以分享食物和自助技能。食物选择可能受到宗教习俗或文化偏好的影响。一些练习犹太教,伊斯兰教和基督教的人不吃猪肉,一些宗教团体在宗教纪念期间限制肉或快速。世界上大多数成年人口都是乳糖不宽容。这些个人体验难以消化乳制品。在美国,乳糖不耐受最常见的美国原住民,亚洲,非洲和西班牙裔人中的成年人。非常幼儿通常不会经历乳糖不耐受,因为大多数婴儿出生有足够的乳糖酶。然而,在34周之前出生的早产儿出生的妊娠可能对乳制品有困难,因为他们的消化道没有完全发展。(NIH,N.D.)

    饮食注意事项是否健康,personal, or cultural, families must be informed as far in advance as possible of your program's policies and practices around meals and mealtimes, day-to-day menus, and available substitutions. This way, if families need to request a change for a certain day, they have time to do so.

    征求家庭的文化偏好不仅让儿童和青年保持健康,而且还表明了对家庭的尊重 - 孩子的第一个也是最重要的老师。

    施用药物

    施用药物的政策应该在您的家庭和员工手册中。您应该在儿童进入计划之前与家庭讨论您的药物政策,以便明确了解政策。

    For the purpose of this discussion, medication includes any medicine or treatment that requires a medical prescription. Over-the-counter medication should only be given if approved by your program, along with written parental or guardian consent.

    您的员工应在施用药物治疗时保留以下一般指导方针:

    • Always follow the instructions for administering the medication as outlined on the prescription
    • Always have families complete the appropriate forms with signatures of medical practitioners as required
    • 始终避免给药第一剂药物;如果发生反应,则可能是第一种剂量
    • 始终将药物保留在原始容器中,因此不会发生混合
    • 始终遵循给药药物,包括剂量,持续时间和储存的确切方向

    Seven Rights of Medication

    It is your responsibility to ensure staff follow these specific guidelines when administering medication:

    七种施用医学权利

    1. 正确的药物。Staff administering the medication should check it against the signed form to ensure that the name of the medication on the bottle or package matches what's on the form exactly. Each time the medication is administered, this should be checked. The medication should be in its original container
    2. 右孩子。During certain seasons of the year when multiple children may need medication or when the program has several children enrolled who need medication support (such as children with diabetes, asthma, or ADHD), the risk associated with medication administration increases. Forms and medication need to be checked to ensure that the right child正在接受药物。如果管理由不直接在课堂上工作的工作人员进行,这更为重要。
    3. 右剂量。确认需要衡量右剂量。使用药房使用药房用药的药物勺是确保给出右剂量的绝佳方法。药物管理不是猜测的时间。应澄清任何问题,应转回家庭。
    4. 正确的路线。Medication can be delivered in a number of ways; usually the medication to be delivered by programs is through oral dispensing or through an inhaler. Confirmation of method should be written on the medication itself as well as on the signed form.
    5. Right Time.Timing of administering the medication should be clearly written on the medication itself and on the signed form. Staff need to confirm with families when the child arrives as to when the last dose of medication was administered and when the next one is due. This information should be documented. Likewise, when the child is picked up by the family, staff should provide written documentation of when medication was given.
    6. 正确的原因。给予每次药物,给予它的人应确保在正确的原因(例如,泰伦疼痛,哮喘攻击治疗呼吸治疗的塔丁醇)开始给药。咨询健康保健计划的适当症状可以帮助确保药物适用于正确的原因。
    7. 正确的文件。您应该确保为管理所有药物的每个孩子维持记录。管理药物的工作人员应在每次提供剂量后立即记录管理局(洗手后)。这是一个非常关键的步骤。没有适当的文件,另一名员工或儿童的家庭成员可能无法适当地提供下一个剂量的药物(例如,它们可以提供的下一个剂量太快,这可能导致儿童严重的健康影响)。

    注意,一些州使用第一个5权利(对吗t child, right medication, right dose, right time, right route) and some states use 7 Rights, also known as “5 Rights PLUS” which include the last two rights (right reason and right documentation). Make sure your staff, coaches, and trainers know which set of medication administration rights are in use at your program. If any of these Rights have not been met, then a medication error has occurred; it must be documented and the family notified immediately. Make sure staff know what to do in the event an error has occurred or if they suspect an error occurred.

    政策实施

    作为经理,您最终负责执行您的计划的政策。适当的药物施用至关重要,应注意,工作人员在政策和程序和特定药物管理中受过培训。如果药物施用更复杂,应由家庭或儿童医生批准的医务人员提供培训。在进行培训时,备份人员也应培训,以防主员工在行政时期不可用。应根据您的计划的政策记录培训。限制施用药物的员工人数是消除药物错误的最有效方法之一。

    作为计划经理,您应该确保系统到位以满足药物管理政策。支持员工在遵守这七名权利方面的最佳方式之一是通过培训和提供适当的工具。确保员工携手合出给文档药物管理局。您还可以发布海报或有关于七个权利的视觉提醒,因此工作人员每次施用药物时都会记得跟随它们。With the help of trainers and coaches, work with staff to develop systems within their classroom or programs that help facilitate proper medication administration (e.g., where to store medication, timers for reminding when to administer, place in room where administration should happen, where documentation is filed within the room to respect children and family's privacy). With the help of your trainers and coaches, conduct audits of medication documentation to assess whether or not staff are appropriately completing this part, and address concerns immediately. Commend staff when you see them engage in the seven rights.

    Storage of Medication

    All medication should be kept out of reach of children in a locked cabinet or container. Medication that needs to be refrigerated should be in a locked container within the refrigerator. Your program's procedures for locking and storing medication should be followed.

    对于培养自己的药物的学龄儿童,例如吸入器,确保他们到达您的计划时占据了这一点。此外,遵循州的指导方针,您应该在手头上有更多的文件,指出孩子能够携带自己的药物。此文件通常需要医疗保健专业人员的批准。

    当您观看此视频时,审查您在您的计划中支持个别医疗保健需求的角色,包括如何适当地存储和管理药物。

    支持个别医疗保健需求

    支持儿童和青年的个性保健需求。

    下面的图表总结了您的关键职责,以确保在您的计划中的儿童和青少年的个人医疗需求方面得到满足。

    支持个人医疗保健需求的管理实践

    管理实践

    员工实践

    I should always…

    确保

    工作人员永远不会......

    确保工作人员培训我们的计划,以满足儿童和青年的个人医疗需求;包括如何通知计划人员的健康变化

    • 负责有过敏反应的孩子,因为适当的程序不采取特殊膳食要求
    • 忽略家庭的文化和/或宗教偏好
    • 如果孩子经历过敏反应或需要医疗,则不确定何种行动课程

    审计入学申请以确保医疗和健康信息是完整和准确的

    • Fail to meet the health care needs of children and youth because information wasn't provided or complete

    Communicate verbally and in writing (family and staff handbooks) our program's requirements for meeting the individual health care needs of children and youth; including how to notify program staff of health changes

    • 未能达到儿童和青年的医疗保健需求,因为他们并没有对健康变化相容

    确保工作人员培训我们的计划给药的施用要求

    • 给孩子和青少年错误的药物
    • Give medication to the wrong child or youth
    • Give the wrong dose of medication to children and youth
    • Give children and youth their medication at the wrong time
    • Fail to document administering medicine

    定期监测药物施用

    • Jeopardize the safety and health of children and youth as a result of not following our program's requirements for the administration of medication

    口头和写作(家庭和员工手册)对儿童和青少年的药物治疗的政策进行沟通

    • 不正确地施用药物
    • 在施用药物之前感到不舒服请求来自家庭的信息
    • 如果存在药物错误,则无法立即通知我

    定期审计药物形式和系统;立即解决问题

    • 从事不安全的实践,让孩子和青年有伤害的风险

    探索

    探索

    当一个具有特殊健康需求的孩子新开始参加您的计划时,工作人员可以感到有点恐吓,他们如何最好地照顾孩子。阅读认识克莱尔活动,并记下您的回复。然后将它们与建议的答案进行比较。

    申请

    申请

    一种确保儿童和青少年的一种策略并不暴露于可能对他们有害的食物是对具有过敏的儿童的菜单进行计划审核。使用菜单审计活动当您查看文件时,以确定程序中存在的所有过敏。然后检查课堂实践是否如何在过敏方面处理食物问题。

    You could also conduct a similar audit to see how your program meets families’ religious or cultural food restrictions.

    词汇表

    学期 描述
    过敏症 极端,往往危及生命,过敏反应。反应严重,涉及全身。除非及时治疗,除非,过敏反应可导致:阻挡气道;心脏骤停(没有心跳);呼吸逮捕(没有呼吸);或休克。(MedlinePlus)
    care plan 由孩子的医生和家人开发的计划。它描述了孩子的医疗保健需求以及如何在学校照顾这些需求
    Food allergy Negative immune-system reaction to a substance ingested in food
    有特殊医疗保健需求的学生 “Those who have or are at increased risk for a chronic physical, developmental, behavioral, or emotional condition and who also require health and related services of a type or amount beyond that required by children gener¬ally” (Caring for Our Children, 2015)

    证明

    证明
    Assessment

    Q1

    Darin will be joining your school-age program next week and you are aware that he has asthma. What do you need to do before Darin’s first day?

    Q2

    护理计划......

    Q3

    对或错?如果可能的话,始终避免给孩子给孩子一剂新药物。

    参考资料

    美国儿科学院,美国公共卫生协会,育儿和早期教育中的健康安全国家资源中心。(2015)。Caring for Our Children: National health and safety performance standards; Guidelines for early care and education programs, 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; Washington, DC: American Public Health Association. Retrieved fromhttp://nrckids.org.

    美国儿科学院。(2018).过敏和哮喘。从...获得https://www.healthychildren.org/english/health-issues/conditions/allergies-asthma/pages/default.aspx.

    美国儿科学院。(2003)。学校药物治疗的指导方针。从...获得http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/3/697.full.pdf+html.

    疾病控制和预防中心(2013年)。儿童过敏条件的趋势:美国,1997-2011。从...获得http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db121.htm.

    克利夫兰诊所。(2013)。孩子们的哮喘。从...获得https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/6776-asthma-in-children.

    Dresser, N. (2005). Multicultural Manners:21世纪精神的基本规则。新泽西:约翰瓦利和儿子。

    国家卫生研究院(N.D.)。哮喘:您的儿童保健环境有多友好?从...获得https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/files/docs/public/lung/chc_chk.pdf

    俄克拉荷马学校护士指南。(N.D.)从中检索https://www.ok.gov/health2/documents/oklahoma%20school%20nurse%20guidelines%20and%20example%20ihsp.pdf.

    美国健康与人类服务部。(N.D.)。乳糖不耐症。从...获得https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/lactose-Intolerance.

    华盛顿州父亲网络。(2019)。Bothell,Wa:Condering Center。从...获得https://www.fathersnetwork.org/