Introduction

你学到的第一课,体育活动ty supports all of the domains of development and leads to lasting benefits when it becomes part of the daily routine. With the increase in the use of sedentary toys and materials, such as video games and television, it is even more imperative that your program provides safe and developmentally appropriate spaces for children to develop and refine their physical skills, especially since children and youth spend the majority of their waking hours at your program.

您作为经理的工作之一是确保您的计划提供儿童和青少年的必要类型和身份，以支持其发展需求。这包括为内外提供足够和可用的空间，以及与员工合作，以确保在日常生活，活动和播放时间内整天纳入身体活动的机会。本课程将重点关注所有儿童无论年龄或能力如何，以及特定年龄要求的快照。有关特定年龄特定支持的更详细列表，请审查本课程的直接护理轨道。

Universal Supports

在支持物理发展方面，所有儿童，无论年龄段，都需要以下内容：

• 每天至少一小时的身体活动;更优选。
• Accommodations, include materials and adaptations to the environment and activities, so children of all abilities can participate in physical activity.
• 充足的空间在室内玩，可以安全地访问发育适当的材料。
• 与其发展需求，目标和利益相关的各种计划室内和户外活动，以及免费娱乐的机会。

日常活动

Physical activity should not be seen as a break in the day or something extra that staff provide without thought. Support for the gross- and fine-motor skills of children and youth should occur in a variety of ways, throughout the day, every day at your program. Children learn best through hands-on experiences that they are physically and actively involved in. Keeping their bodies active keeps children fully engaged in learning experiences. The National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) includes guidance for children’s physical activity in its position statement: “All children from birth to age 5 should engage in physical activity that promotes movement, skillfulness, and foundations of health-related fitness.”

作为经理，您应该确保课堂提出余额计划活动与儿童和青少年的机会参与自由游戏。在室内检查课堂时间表和观察儿童和青年是验证他们获得所需身体活动量的最佳方法。

Supporting All Learners

当您在第两节中学到时，虽然所有儿童的发展顺序都是相同的，但它发生的速率可能受到各种因素的影响。您应该要求工作人员定期观察儿童和青年，并鼓励他们使用他们对儿童发展的知识，以带来他们可能拥有的任何疑虑。虽然这对所有年龄段都很重要，但对于婴儿和幼儿尤为重要。非常幼儿的物理发展延迟可能是在其他发展领域的担忧预测。一如既往，工作人员应在与家庭或专家发表讲话前与主管讨论任何疑虑。重要的是，员工了解您的服务的推荐过程，因此儿童可以尽快得到他们所需要的支持。个性化的家庭服务计划（ISFP）是一种资源，可用于3岁以下的儿童。

对于不遵循典型发展率或具有确定的特殊需求的儿童，确保员工执行以下操作：

• Create realistic expectations. This doesn’t mean to lower expectations, it means to consider each child’s abilities and adjust expectations based on where children are developmentally.
• 对准课程目标，以支持儿童在发育方面实现可能的事情。
• Accommodate so children and youth experience success. Making small changes in the environment or adding adaptive materials can help children feel successful regardless of where they are developmentally.

Some children in your care may have conditions that affect their motor development, including physical and cognitive disabilities, neurological and perceptual disorders, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In addition to adaptations to the curriculum, classroom, and daily activities, they may need specialized services to ensure they fully access their classroom and school curriculum, activities, environments, extracurricular activities, and school events. Make referrals quickly and utilize all available resources, such as孩子们包括在一起（套件），so individualized educational programs (IEPs) can be developed and children can receive the help they need. Children with IEPs have a specific plan to help them meet their personal goals and objectives. If your program serves children with developmental disabilities, it is important that you and your staff reflect on current practices and utilize recommendations from specialists so all children, regardless of ability, can reach their fullest potential.

Safe Environments

Your top priority as a manager is to make sure everyone in your program is protected from harm. Children are naturally curious and maintaining a safe learning environment will help prevent injuries during play and exploration. As described in the Safety course, your best approach is to mitigate risk by taking a proactive approach. Being proactive means:

• Utilizing safety checklists addressing issues immediately.
• 安排工作人员确保室内和外出的充分监督。
• 确保材料和设备正在发育适合使用它们的儿童。
• Providing family and staff handbooks that detail clothing requirements for inclement weather.
• Maintaining fully-stocked first-aid kits and making certain that they are available for use both indoors and out.

经理必须保证工作人员明白，儿童和青少年的安全总是最初的。您对安全的期望应在员工会议和绩效审核期间在新雇用的方向上进行清晰。与安全相关的性能问题必须立即解决，所以没有人受到伤害。在支持物理发展的同时保持儿童和青年安全时，员工应该：

• 扫描环境以确保在允许儿童播放之前删除危险。
• 检查玩具和设备，以确保它们状况良好。
• Be vigilant in the supervision of children and youth at all times.
• Be aware of the service’s weather-related policies to ensure that children are appropriately dressed, that they have access to plenty of fluids, and that everyone knows when and where to move children in case of bad weather.
• 在户外服用儿童，包括急救套件，出席床单，药物和事件报告，将所有必要的物品带入所有必要的物品。

发展促进经验

谈到发展时，您的员工可以留下任何东西。虽然在支持语言开发方面，有意提高重点是有意的重要性，但在体育发展方面也是如此。工作人员必须随时可供支持新出现的技能，并通过与儿童和青少年参与在一起时丰富学习经验。狗万app怎么下载管理人员应确保工作人员通过为计划的计划和挑选儿童和青少年的材料提供资源和思想，以努力支持体育发展的努力。

课程周期

As you learned in the Cognitive course, learning is promoted when there is an understanding of where children and youth are developmentally and when this knowledge is used to plan experiences. Observation is at the heart of curriculum planning. Taking time to sit, watch, and listen is crucial in the planning of experiences that matter. Capitalizing on the interests of children and youth maximizes the impact. For example, when a staff member throws a ball to one of his 4-year-olds, he observes that the student throws it back underhand. The staff member knows that 4-year-olds should be throwing overhand, so he makes a point of throwing it back that way so the student will try to as well, applauding the student’s efforts as he tries something new.

确认工作人员了解观察，规划和指导之间的关系。工作人员需要时间和支持员工在实施课程周期。询问人员为什么他们计划他们所做的事情，为什么他们有那些游戏，或者为什么环境被设置为您的方式将为您提供支持他们专业增长所需的迹象。这些问题可以在绩效会议期间或在教室观察时解决这些问题。

物理发展和室内环境

对于儿童来说，了解身体活动是优先事项，必须有专为身体活动而设计的空间。这可能是最初为其他目的设计的小型房间或空间中的挑战。然而，有一些创造力和灵活性，可以创建有助于儿童探索和掌握重要体力技能的空间。

我们可以考虑两个级别的环境：中心环境和课堂环境。在中心级别，您可以与员工合作，确保有专用于身体活动的安全室内空间。学龄儿童有健身房吗？儿童开发中心有一间机动房间吗？如果是这样，这些是提供运动机会的理想空间。确保空间按照儿童可以自由移动的方式排列，同时仍然从各种选项中选择。考虑与团队合作以确保空间被设计成有趣的运动站：一个区域中的呼啦圈，另一个区域的豆袋和桶，在第三个区域的障碍课程。在课堂兴趣区提供书写，绘图和涂装材料，并帮助团队与其空间和材料创造性。例如，遮蔽磁带可以在地板上创建快速，简单，可拆卸的“平衡梁”。

At the classroom level, help staff understand the importance of providing some space for physical activity. This will look different at different ages:

• 婴儿房：覆盖着软垫的区域，孩子们可以攀爬和探索
• 蹒跚学步房间：儿童可以爬的一套坡道或楼梯
• 万博体育全站app学龄前房：与课程对齐的兴趣区是课程正在阅读的（例如，阅读幼儿园押韵“嘿迪特尔德尔德之后，”孩子们去房间的一个区域，他们可以练习“跳过月亮”）
• 学龄计划：一个带有一个MP3播放器的地区，孩子们可以播放音乐和舞蹈，或者它可能是儿童延伸的瑜伽区域

物理发展和户外环境

户外环境是物理活动的自然设置。事实上，我们很多人可能更有可能将身体活动与在户外联系起来。繁忙的家庭生活方式可能会导致许多孩子的室内时间。学龄儿童可能会在学校环境中度过大部分时间，只能在外面前往他们每天60分钟的指定。促进爱情和尊重户外活动将增加儿童学会使体力活动成为其生命的一部分。狗万app怎么下载鼓励尽可能多的户外时间，计划包括自然环境的活动，并将外部带到室内学习和发现。

孩子们是活跃的学习者，身体活动可以纳入学习活动。狗万app怎么下载孩子们可以用他们的身体形成形状，算像他们正在跳跃，通过活跃的清道夫狩猎探索自然，倾听他们在体育活动后的心率增加，让他们的身体像他们最喜欢的动物一样，通过舞蹈探索文化。确保有空格可供选择许多不同的活动。为各种车站细分的一个大型开放空间可能非常有用：这种空间可以灵活地使用。促进体育和学习的户外环境的关键要素包括：狗万app怎么下载

• 种类：Make sure there are a variety of surfaces, a variety of materials, and a variety of ways for children to get involved and active.
• 安全：确保工作人员在任何时候都知道安全规则和程序。经常检查空间和材料。有关更多信息，请参阅安全课程。
• 参与：Make sure all children have options that interest them. Observe to be sure that children are active.

感官发展

The development of our senses is an important part of our physical development. In very young children, sensory development is what helps them gain an understanding of the world around them. As children grow, their sensory development becomes more refined. Children (and adults) process their surroundings differently. This is why not all children like the same foods or listen to the same music. Each person interprets the world around them differently by processing it through their senses.

When working with staff, encourage them to evaluate their environments through a sensory lens; for example, are there different smells, sounds, and textures? The majority of sensory items aren’t store bought, they are found materials. In addition to a sensory table, here are a few other ideas for staff to try:

• 走到外面，坐在学习中，坐在杂志上，或在草地上滚动。
• Provide materials with interesting textures and different sizes, colors, or scents.
• Move to different types of music.
• 尝试不同类型的食物。
• 探索与科学相关的概念，如冷热或湿润，干燥。

特定年龄的考虑因素

虽然有一些儿童需要的共同支持，但年龄组之间也存在重要差异。当装备环境和让孩子和青年安全时，这些差异很重要。

Infants

需要与周围的人联系马刺婴儿的物理发展。为确保实施最佳实践，请确保员工与婴儿一起使用以下内容：

• 为年轻婴儿提供肚子和背部的婴儿提供机会。当年轻婴儿在背板上播放地板时，在他们的头上和上方提供玩具，鼓励到达和转动，这可能导致滚动的发展。当婴儿躺在肚子上时，密切监督他们，并留意痛苦的迹象。
• 限制使用挥动和其他包含年轻和移动婴儿的家具。当一次关心几个孩子时，提供在地板上为肚子时间提供玩具，移动婴儿的空间爬行，或悬挂玩具。
• Firm, washable pads and cubes can be arranged to create interesting and challenging surfaces for crawling, creeping, walking, and climbing.
• Provide long, low, stable surfaces for “cruisers” to hold on to. The edges of shelves, window sills, counters and equipment at child-height should have rounded corners so children can move freely without bumping into sharp corners.
• 播放关联和运动的音乐。婴儿享受摇摇欲坠，在你跳舞和与他们一起摇摆时举行。
• Observe infants on a regular basis to ensure the environment supports their rapidly changing developmental needs.

幼儿

The need to move spurs the physical development of toddlers. Toddlers are highly motivated to move and to use newly learned skills. You must ensure that staff members working with toddlers provide the following:

• Vigilant supervision to prevent injury as toddlers explore and use different materials.
• A wide selection of materials that support individual needs; they enjoy manipulating objects, carrying materials, stacking blocks and knocking down towers, filling and dumping containers, such as buckets and play purses, and carry them around.
• 流行材料的倍数，以减少玩具和物体的斗争，因为他们尚未理解共享的概念。
• Materials that can be used for making music, marching, and dancing.
• 打开空间，他们可以运行，跳跃，跳，攀爬，扔扔，抛出和倾倒，而不是与同龄人一起瓶颈。
• 他们可以根据他们更接近学龄前的兴趣来搬到不同活动的兴趣区。万博体育全站app
• Appropriately sized chairs and tables so that all children can sit, play and eat safely and comfortably.
• 提供更多幼儿能够做的事情而不是他们不能做的事情的环境;这将减少您的员工持续限制设置的挫折感。

万博体育全站app学龄前儿童

保持忙碌的刺激学龄前儿童的体育发展。万博体育全站app万博体育全站app学龄前儿童有活跃的身体和思想。确保与学龄前儿童合作的工作人员提供以下内容：万博体育全站app

• 材料以涵盖最年轻的学龄前儿童的年龄范围和能力，包括不同尺寸的铅笔，蜡笔和刷子以及不同类型的谜题。万博体育全站app块和建筑材料可以帮助跨越年龄范围;年轻的3岁儿童可以使用Duplos，而Legos为4-和5岁的孩子提供更多复杂性。
• 孩子们在创意体育扮演或游戏中共同玩耍的机会;这些活动不仅支持身体发展，而且支持社会和语言发展。
• Longer periods of structured and unstructured physical activity and fewer periods of “sit time.”
• 涉及物理发展的兴趣区。技能建设专注于精细电机开发，如艺术和操纵。艺术材料包括写作和绘画材料，拼贴和三维艺术材料。儿童应该能够练习绘画，印刷，绘画，操纵材料，胶合，粘贴，切割和切碎。
• A writing center in the classroom with pencils, pens, lined paper, journals and print materials, encouraging children’s budding interest in the printed word as well as the use of more refined small-muscle skills; stringing beads, shapes and other tasks provide opportunities for children to practice eye-hand coordination and fine-motor dexterity.
• 与进食，休息和身体活动有关的适当行为模型。这个年龄的孩子对他们生活中的特殊人物的行为以及同龄人特别敏感。

School-Age Children

驾驶以了解世界马刺学龄儿童的体育发展。学龄儿童在成熟时挑战他们的身体和思想。您需要确保工作人员与学龄儿童合作提供以下内容：

• 了解，通过增长刺激的孩子往往会缺乏协调或似乎“笨拙”。这可能是由于各种原因引起的。孩子们可能在躯干和手臂上有增长，但不是腿，或者他们的脚可能完全成长，但不是他们身体的其余部分。经历这些阶段的儿童将不得不努力努力擅长擅长或掌握某些运动技能。
• Physical activities that are the “right fit,” meaning that they are not too easy and intended for younger children and that they are not too difficult with unachievable expectations.
• 有氧活性，肌肉加强和骨骼强化练习或活动的组合，即娱乐和互动。这些为儿童提供了优化其总动力技能的机会。
• 团队氛围通过为每个人提供鼓励，并通过理解这个年龄的孩子可以具有一系列能力。在玩团队运动时，促进乐趣和经验而不是获胜的竞争非常重要，这将有助于减轻少运动儿童的压力。允许有良好发展技能的儿童接受领导并成为船长，也可以通过帮助所有孩子觉得他们有一个要扮演的部分来分享他们作为培训师的技能。

总之

作为一名经理,你的责任是确保那t staff have the knowledge and materials they need in order to support the individual needs of the children and youth that your program serves. Observing staff both indoors and out will assist you in evaluating their knowledge of development and their skills in planning and implementing age-appropriate activities. Providing ongoing professional development and maintaining safe and stimulating environments supports your staff as they support children and youth.