Know

你的幼儿园万博体育全站app课堂可能是孩子tween the ages of three and five, so you must be prepared to meet a variety of needs. Child development is an important tool for understanding what children learn. What a young three-year-old child learns about math might be very different from what a five-year-old child learns. Developmentally appropriate practice provides the teacher with structured guidance on how to support the growth and development of children along with making learning meaningful and purposeful to their abilities. Developmentally appropriate practice is an approach to teaching grounded both in the research on how young children develop and learn and in what is known about effective early education (NAEYC, 2009). You must understand what skills are typical for children of certain ages, what is appropriate for an individual child, and what is valued by families and communities (NAEYC, 2009). You should use this knowledge to make daily decisions about the learning experiences you offer children.

Experiences and Activities that Promote Preschool Children's Cognitive Development

Children learn so much in preschool! Much of this learning falls into six categories (Dodge, Colker, & Heroman, 2002): math, science, social studies, language and literacy, art, and technology. Teachers can support children's learning across these content areas. Young children learn best through daily experiences and interactions. Here are a few examples of ways children might learn important concepts:

• Math：A preschool child notices what comes next in a pattern. A child notices that his friend has a different number (size) on his shoe.
• Science：孩子使用她的感官来探索午餐提供的新食品。另一个孩子讨论了课宠物需要保持健康的东西，并描述了宠物的栖息地。
• Social Studies：一个孩子带来了她的婴儿照片，在戏剧性的游戏区带来家庭角色。孩子们画画他们的学校或当地游乐场。
• 语言和扫盲：A child sings rhyming songs and claps the syllables in words. A child spends time relaxing and looking at books.
• 艺术：一个孩子创造了她在窗外看到的鸟房的三维雕塑。另一个孩子跳舞音乐，并在鼓上轻拍节奏。
• Technology：A child uses a computer to create a message and artwork for his mother. Another child sits with a teacher and looks up information on the internet about their class investigation.

You might notice that many of these examples involve learning in more than one area. For example, when a child types a message to his mother on the computer, he is learning about technology, literacy, and many other content areas. When a child claps along to a rhyming song, she may be learning literacy, math, and music. It is important to keep in mind that everyday experiences offer many opportunities for learning. It is also important to remember that young children are natural explorers. They are hungry for information about the world around them. Children are learning如何学习。成年人可以培养这种好奇心。您可以帮助孩子学习如何学习。

How can you help children? Current research says the best way is by promoting exploration and problem solving. This helps children develop thinking skills. There is a lot you can do to help children learn. Here is a short list of ways to support preschool children:

• 建模你自己的思维技能。大声思考。例如，你可能会说，“嗯。我真的想画出这部分图片紫色，但乔西正在使用紫色的涂料。我想我会把这个部分涂抹黄色。”
• Find opportunities throughout the day to play "What if…?" games. Ask the children questions like, "What would we do if all of our chairs were gone?!" or "What if we run out of snack? What should we do?"
• Give children lots of chances to explore concepts. Play games during transitions by asking children to line up based on some characteristics: "Everyone who is wearing blue jeans can line up" or "If you are wearing sandals, you can wash your hands."

Encourage children to use self-control and recognize when they do! Say things like, "I know you were working really hard on that structure. It's really hard to stop, but your mom is here. How about we put a sign on your structure and save it for tomorrow?"

解决各种学习者和家庭的需求

As you learned in Lesson 4, it is very important to develop meaningful learning experiences forall孩子们。这包括具有特殊学习需求的儿童。狗万app怎么下载所有儿童都需要强大的发展适当的课程，支持性环境，以及与成年人的关系。然而，对于一些孩子来说，这对他们来说是不够的。有些孩子需要特别的住宿。作为学龄前万博体育全站app老师，您将不得不计划住宿以帮助个别儿童。

Children with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) have a specific program to help them meet personal goals. Educators should read the IEP to learn about the child's goals, services, and adaptations. Just as each child is different, each IEP is different. In general, these children will need changes or adaptations to the curricula, the classroom, and the daily activities.

孩子讲另一种语言和learning English are often called English language learners (ELL) or dual language learners (DLL). It might be hard for some of these children to do all classroom activities easily. Children learning English in your classroom will probably be at very different levels. Some might hear quite a bit of English in their home, while others may hear none. This means that some children might need more help than others. You can help children who are learning English by (a) including multicultural activities, (b) giving them special supports, and (c) making these children feel included in all activities.

What does it look like to help all children learn? It is characterized by flexibility and a variety of changes.

对课程的变化

考虑您的课程是否包括儿童的合适类型和指导。如果没有，您可以对呈现信息的一些更改进行一些更改。例如，有些孩子可能需要以许多不同的方式听到并看到某个信件，因为学习信件对它们更加困难。狗万app怎么下载在阅读他们的故事之前，词汇技能弱的儿童可能会受益于听证词词。

Changes to the environment

You might have to change the classroom to meet the needs of some children. A child might need changes in where he or she sits, such as using a chair at circle time if the child has trouble sitting on the carpet. Other classroom changes might include using picture cues (such as photographs) or schedules as reminders, shapes taped to the floor to help children when they line up, sensory objects in the classroom, or changes in the lighting or sound in the room.

活动期间的变化

dis /儿童的能力可能很难work on and finish activities that other children might do easily. If a child has trouble painting, an adult could put his or her hand over the child's to make it easier. During the preschool day, the same child might need more help with some activities and less help with others. The help that you give a child probably will change over time as he or she gets better at doing an activity. Think about fading help so that the child learns to do the activity on his or her own.

教育工作者能做的最好的事情之一是积极地包括所有活动的所有孩子。有DIS /能力或学习英语的儿童可能很难加入课堂活动，因为他们不知道该做什狗万app怎么下载么或害怕。尝试一些这些想法来帮助包括所有孩子：

• Watch children when they are playing and make sure that children are not excluded from activities.
• Before an activity, think about what might be hard for a child, such as using scissors, and be prepared to help that child complete the activity.
• 使用课堂规则作为教育儿童在内的方式。
• 向孩子们展示他们如何在他们的戏剧中包含其他人。
• Praise children when they try to include others.

Using the idea of Universal Design for Learning, introduced in Lesson 4, Sandall and Schwartz (2008) identify eight types of curriculum supports for children with dis/abilities and children learning English. You can use the chart in the Apply section of this lesson to think of ideas to support children in your class.

回答许多教育工作者的问题非常重要：是对班上其他孩子的一个孩子的变化和支持吗？当您对支持您的角色时，公平性的问题变得越来越担心all孩子们。You give each child what he or she needs when he or she needs it. Every child gets extra help and support at one time or another. As a teacher, you should know the strengths and needs ofallchildren and know how to help每个孩子。

Reflecting on Culture

Culture influences howall of usview the world and the people around us. Every time we enter the classroom, we bring our own culture in with us. This culture influences the way we think and act. Understanding our own individual culture can increase our confidence and ability to work with others around us. Culture affects every part of our life. Look at the role culture plays in your interactions with others. Think about the ways your history and values affect your teaching. Do you expect family members to attend meetings and help with the class? Do you expect children to be toilet trained at a certain age? When do you think children should feed and dress themselves? These questions can be influenced by our culture and upbringing.

Children enter our programs with unique backgrounds and experiences. Knowing children's backgrounds and preferences is the heart of developmentally appropriate practice. You can use this information to send the message, "You belong here." By acknowledging the cultures and traditions of the children, parents, and staff in your own classroom you can make embracing culture more relevant for the children of your classroom. By doing that you also help promote a sense of belonging and community.

Many children will enter your classroom with a first language other than English. It is important to recognize, respect, and reinforce home language use (NAEYC, 1995). Here are a couple of ways to make a child comfortable in the classroom:

• 聘请讲孩子家庭语言的工作人员。
• Use Universal Design for Learning (UDL) as you may have to change your classroom environment to meet the needs of all children. There are many ways you can communicate with children, including speech, pictures, music, and multimedia. Children can express what they know in multiple ways, too. This might be through music, dance, drawing, technology and so on. Lesson 5 in this course provides extensive information about working with diverse learners and their families.

观看此视频，以便在学前班内拥有文化和多样性的示例。万博体育全站app

Embracing Culture

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What does learning look like in each of these content areas? What does good teaching look like? There are many answers to these questions. Take a look at these videos to learn more and to see examples.

孩子们在学龄前学习了什么万博体育全站app

Do

You promote learning through your interactions every day. The rest of this course will provide more detail about learning activities. For now, it is important to:

• Recognize the importance of learning across all content areas.
• Provide opportunities for children to explore math, science, social studies, language and literacy, art, and technology.
• Remember children learn through play and exploration!
• 制定活动计划或课程计划，涵盖所有内容领域的学习机会。狗万app怎么下载
• Know that children vary in their learning across these content areas. Provide a variety of learning opportunities to meet each child's needs.

Screen-based media is such a big part of our culture, we even refer to younger generations as “born digital.” To access a twelve-point checklist to help you consider best uses of interactive media in your program, see the Checklist for Identifying Exemplary Uses of Technology and Interactive Media for Early Learning from the Fred Rogers Center athttp://fredrogers143.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Checklist-for-Identifying-Exemplary-Uses.pdf。This resource is also available below as a Learn Attachment. When families seek guidance on media and technology use, you can share recommendations from the美国儿科学院and other research-based information:

• 鼓励家庭在不使用时关闭屏幕和设备。背景技术电视和设备使用可以降低儿童游戏的质量和家庭成员之间发生的互动量。
• Support families in establishing bedtime routines for their children that don’t involve media and technology use. Viewing electronic devices close to bedtime can affect the quality and amount of sleep, as well as the ease of falling asleep for children.
• Choose developmentally appropriate programming and games. Sesame Street, PBS Kids, and Common Sense Media are excellent resources if families need guidance on what “high-quality” looks like.