Know

您对家庭的看法是什么？

What comes to your mind when you hear the word家庭？也许对受影响和塑造你生命的个人的思想，或者聚集在一起庆祝假期和其他重要事件的人;也许闻到家庭熟食的食物，对话记忆或你与亲人，爱情，喜悦或悲伤感的争论。

Families are central to individuals’ lives. Particularly when it comes to young children, families assume critical roles that significantly affect children’s well-being and development. As a professional working with young children, it is critical for you to appreciate and understand children’s families. This lesson will familiarize you with current perspectives on how families are viewed and how they function. This information will provide helpful context in order to better understand your work and interactions with families.

The Meaning of Family

When you think of the word “family,” what does it mean to you? Who makes upyour家庭？你在一起做什么样的事情？你在家里玩什么职位？

每个家庭都是不同的，重要的是要对构成一个家庭的原因来保持开放。每个人以他或她自己的方式定义家庭。对于一些人来说，家庭可以代表那些生活在同一个家的人（在一个屋檐下）。对于其他人来说，家庭可能是孩子的父母和所有重要成年人，这些成年人都帮助照顾幼儿，如祖父母，阿姨，叔叔，邻居或最好的朋友。家庭在学龄前儿童的生活中是一致的，这是一个关于孩子的最重万博体育全站app要信息来源。

美国人口普查局定义家庭as a group of two or more people who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption, and who live together. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (2011, p. 3) suggests that “the term家庭可能包括那些成年人，除了父母，负责参与教育，培育和倡导儿童。“研究和与家庭一起学习和合作的研究人员家庭作为“将自己视为一个家庭的两个或两个以上的人，以及履行家庭通常表现的职能。这些人可能或可能与血液或婚姻有关，也可能与否或可能不会居住在一起“（Turnbull，Turnbull，Erwin，＆Soodak，2006，第7页）。

有什么事情你脱颖而出read these definitions? You may notice that the first definition is quite specific in terms of how relationships are described, whereas the other two definitions are broader. As a professional working with young children, it is important to acknowledge that your own experiences influence your views about families and working with families. You will encounter individuals who define family differently than you do and who may share values, customs, or codes of behavior that are different from yours. Family structures have become more diverse through shared custody, same-sex couple families, families where members have different immigration statuses, and when a parent has children with multiple partners. While these circumstances do not always bring challenges, research suggests that children whose family structures are complex may be more likely to experience negative consequences, such as less caregiving from a parent. Today, 40 percent of children are born to unmarried parents. Like the concept of ‘family,’ the concept of family well-being is also challenging to define. You may recognize family well-being when you see it in your program. Or you may recognize when families’ lack some aspect of family well-being. As you think about how best to engage with and support the families in your program, consider your role in strengthening families’ protective factors. The good news is that many of the behaviors that correspond to positive family functioning can be “taught and strengthened with education.” (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019, p. 42).

How are Families Viewed Today? Introducing Family-Centered Practice

Because families are central to their children’s development, they are partners, active participants, and decision makers in their children’s education process. As a result, a居家焦点被认为是幼儿教育，计划和服务的质量指标之一。在核心家庭-centered practice信念是家庭是孩子生命中最重要的决策者。因此，专业人士必须尊重，支持和提升每个家庭的优势和独特特征（Sandall，Hemmeter，Smith，＆Mclean，2005）。

以家庭为中心的实践也意味着您了解所有家庭成员在彼此以及学龄前儿童上的重要效果。万博体育全站app每个家庭成员都会影响另一个家庭功能的方式。所有家庭成员都是相互联系的。从我们的家人来看，我们学习使我们能够参与学校和工作场所的技能。

在考虑以家庭为中心的实践时，您将作为更大系统的一部分查看学龄前儿童;万博体育全站app您正在将家庭成员视为整体。您意识到和敏感于家庭内部发生的相互作用和关系，以及影响它们的外部互动和支持。为了保持关系并有效地工作，您学习，尊重和理解每个家庭及其支持系统的特征。您还可以考虑可能影响他们参与的家庭的特点和压力。什么影响一个家庭成员可以影响所有家庭成员。一个家庭是一个系统，其中没有一个成员可以被隔离地看。

Family-Centered Practice

在整个虚拟实验室学校，我们将家庭中心的练习视为一种涵盖人们在您的计划中的信仰和行动的守则。考虑这个图表：

信仰	行动
Families are the most important decision-makers in a child's life.	我们了解家庭的想法和偏好。 We provide choices in programming. We involve families in program leadership. 我们涉及在决策中的家庭。
家庭是独一无二的，他们的差异丰富了我们的计划。	We honor and respect diversity. We involve all the important people in a child's life. We engage and involve families. 我们制定敏感和互惠关系。 We represent families in our programs.
家庭是有弹性的。	我们了解家庭的优势，需求和环境。 We connect families with resources. We build families' strengths.
家庭是发展和学习的核心。狗万app怎么下载	We share information with families. We listen to families. We view families as their child's first teacher. We respect families' expertise about their child.
家庭是我们的合作伙伴。	我们使用尊重，响应和双向沟通。 我们接触家庭。 我们涉及我们计划的各个方面的家庭。

Making an effort to understand preschoolers and their families can create opportunities for you to better support the children in your care.

Honoring Diversity in Families

在前几年的生命中发生了一些非常重要的学习狗万app怎么下载。例如，学龄前儿童正在学习如万博&狗万app怎么下载#20307;育全站app何与同龄人和成年人互动，如何表达他们的情绪，以及如何表达独立性。所有这些行为都受到文化的影响。文化是指不同群体的共同经历和历史。文化差异可能包括家庭和社区观点，儿童期望，父母的角色以及教育的价值的差异。

文化是家庭抚养孩子以及如何与学龄前儿童互动的重要因素。万博体育全站app检查您自己的文化体验，并考虑这些经验如何与学龄前儿童和家庭影响您的练习。万博体育全站app每个人都为儿童饲养和发展带来了特定的价值观，信仰和假设。在几乎所有类型的学前班例程中，您的表现，您的价值万博体育全站app观由您的童年和培训塑造。在与学龄前儿童和家庭合作时，重要的万博体育全站app是要认识到您的价值观和信仰以及它们的传达方式。例如，父母可能希望他的孩子在小睡时间使用安抚奶嘴，并且您希望孩子在幼儿阶段使用安抚奶嘴。

有时，您可能会觉得如何关心学龄前儿童或如何聘请具有较为不同经验和文化的家庭，包括那些讲一种不熟悉的语言或者有陌生的万博体育全站app宗教习俗的人。您可以承认差异，并展示对家庭的兴趣，以建立关系，并学习为您的护理中的学龄前儿童提供支持。万博体育全站app例如，您可以了解家庭的份额和何时享用膳食，这是受文化的影响并影响发展。通过文化镜头观察差异，尊重的对话可以导致如何在集团早期护理和学习环境中支持这些做法。狗万app怎么下载

Early care and learning settings provide an environment in which adults and children can learn about and honor differences in values, beliefs and perceptions. Learning one’s culture occurs primarily within the family, however, in early care and learning environments preschoolers also learn about culture and experience relationships that influence their sense of who they are and who they will become.

To help children develop this sense of who they are and who they will become, you must honor and celebrate the diversity of families. Diversity exists on a variety of dimensions:

• 作文（谁是家庭的成员）
• 种族和民族
• 语
• Socioeconomic status
• Sexual orientation
• Ability or disability
• Educational background
• 价值观和传统
• Child-rearing practices

作为一个响应的学前班教师意味着您展示了万博体育全站app儿童和家庭生活的多个背景，经验，价值观和背景的敏感性和考虑因素。对多样性的认识带来了对我们行为的方式以及我们所认为的方式与其他人的行为或其他人相信的方式不同。

Being a responsive preschool teacher also means that you avoid making assumptions about different groups of people and the ways they act or think. As much as it is important to acknowledge differences之间各组的人，认识也很重要之内- 群体差异。虽然来自特定地理区域或文化遗产的人可能存在通常共享的特征，价值观和属性，但在价值观或做事的方式中，同一组内仍然存在相当大的变化。

Working with families whose values and beliefs are different from your own may, at times, make you feel uneasy or uncomfortable. Embracing diversity in your work with children and families does not happen overnight. On the contrary, it can be a long and often messy process in which people from various backgrounds are challenged to face and understand different points of view, accept unfamiliar ways of doing things, and ultimately work together toward a common goal. It is important to understand that this is a two-way process, and that in the same way you may occasionally feel challenged or confused, families may feel the same. Researchers in the field of family and diversity remind us, “the challenge is not so much for service providers to give up their own beliefs, as to cultivate a habit of learning to understand and respect those of others.”

See

欣赏儿童家庭

在学龄前拥抱家庭多样性：老师声音万博体育全站app

尊敬的家庭：家庭声音

Do

There are many ways to show that you value the families of children in your program. Consider the following guidelines that reflect family-centered practice (Johnson, 1990; Turnbull, Turbiville, & Turnbull, 2000). Then think about how you can use these guidelines in your work with children and families.

• 将家庭视为儿童生命中的常量，并且照顾者和服务系统可能会出现。
• 促进家庭和专业人士之间的合作。
• Encourage family-to-family support and networking.
• 荣誉和尊重各个方面的家庭多样性（文化，种族，种族，语言，精神，社会经济，或家庭成员的性取向方面）。您可以通过以下方式执行此操作：
  • 问家人有关他们的家庭语言和共享关键短语they use at home.
  • Having家庭信息和children’s books in the languages of each family.
  • Inviting the family to visit the setting andsing songs, tell stories, and show books or pictures that demonstrate their culture, and introduce culturally specific foods.
  • Observing how a family interactswith their preschooler.
  • 要求家人create a family or neighborhood storybook.
  • Meeting regularly与家庭一起了解他们的学龄前儿童的希望，梦想和目标。万博体育全站app

包括儿童家庭

Completing this Course

有关本课程中的预期，家庭参与能力反思以及随附的学习，探索和应用资源和活动的课程列表，请访问学龄前的家庭参与万博体育全站app课程指南.

请注意，每个课程结束时的引用和资源部分概述了参考源和资源，以查找有关所涵盖主题的其他信息。当您完成课程时，您预计不会审查所有可用的在线参考。但是，欢迎您进一步探索资源，如果您有兴趣或培训师，教练或管理员的要求进一步探索资源。