Know

回想to your childhood and identify an adult who helped make a difference in your life. Was it a parent, family member, family friend, or teacher? How did this person influence your childhood? How did he or she help guide you to learn or make decisions? How did he or she encourage you? What words did this person use to tell you when you made a mistake? How did you develop ideas about yourself or other individuals as a result of your interactions with this person?

As a preschool teacher, you play an important role in guiding the behavior of young children. You recognize the opportunity to consider young children’s strengths, temperaments, skills, development, and family culture as you determine your approaches and strategies to supporting and influencing their behavior. In essence, you help maintain a relationship-based approach to guiding young children’s behavior while meeting their needs.

什么是指导？

指导是您如何帮助孩子学习在各种环境中对行为的期望。这是您帮助孩子知道成为您社区成员的意义的方式。这意味着帮助孩子们从错误中吸取教训并做出积极的选择。考虑什么指导也很重要。指导不是惩罚。它不是关于控制或让孩子们担心的成年人。它是关于了解儿童，创造他们可以学习的最佳身体和社会环境。

Your approach to guidance for preschoolers is likely made up of different influences, such as your own childhood experiences and your personal beliefs about the role of a preschool teacher in helping children guide their behavior. Some preschool teachers may believe that it is their responsibility to maintain and control the behaviors of young children, while others may believe that preschoolers will learn to control their own behaviors through teaching and experiences. It is important to reflect on your understanding of your role and how your beliefs shape the guidance that you are providing preschoolers in your program. When guidance is viewed as a process of understanding and supporting the development of skills, in other words, as teaching, the needs of families and children can be understood, respected, and met.

家庭优先事项影响儿童的行为。例如，有些家庭可能会在谈论情绪上，并在发生这种情况时表达它们，而其他家庭可能会使情感保持安静和私密。作为学龄前万博体育全站app老师，您需要在与儿童及其家人互动时敏感和尊重社会情绪发展的差异。

指导and Children’s Development: Understanding Proactive Approaches to Guidance

能够倾听，遵循指示，管理情绪和行动，与其他人和平共处是在我们的专业和个人生活中有意义和成功地参与生活经验的重要技能。管理行为和情绪难以造成挫败感和失望，并能够强烈影响我们与他人的关系和我们的整体生活质量。

积极的指导有助于促进学龄前儿童的社会，情感和认知发展。万博体育全站app当您通过积极的指导有意支持幼儿的发展时，您可以帮助他们学习学校和终身成功最重要的技能：自我监管，或控制自己的感受和行为的能力。课堂和计划中的孩子们是我国的下一代，他们很重要，他们了解如何在现代，多样化和复杂的民主社会中运作。丹加尔特勒，作者Education for a Civic Society，建议以下五项基本技能，他称之为民主生活技能：

• Finding acceptance as a member of a group and as a worthy individual
• 以非伤害方式表达强烈情绪
• 创造性地解决问题 - 无论是独立还是与他人合作
• 接受他人的独特人体品质
• 智能地和道德思考

民主生活技能可以帮助ensur应用e the long- and short-term decisions we make are helping us move in the right direction. These can be challenging to remember in the midst of a stressful situation involving a child. It is important to remember who owns the problem and what we can and cannot control. We have no control over how others choose to treat us. However, we do have control over how we react to the actions of others.

A proactive approach to challenging behavior relies on guidance to teach a child the skills he or she may be missing. According to Patricia Hearron and Verna Hildebrand (2013), guidance can be defined as:

• Using words and actions that positively influence the behaviors of others
• Establishing appropriate expectations and supporting others so they do the right thing
• Providing multiple opportunities for practice and success
• Remaining helpful and encouraging when mistakes occur
• 在尊重他人的价值观的同时理解您自己的价值观

Gartrell（2004），在The Power of Guidance，描述了致力于积极指导的六位教师做法：

实践	实施过程
The teacher realizes that social skills are complicated and take many years to fully learn.	Children are learning socially acceptable behavior, and it takes time and practice to develop social skills. Families and teachers guide children to learn social skills.
老师减少了儿童的需求，以误认为是错误的行为。	The teacher uses developmentally appropriate practices in order to have an appropriate match between the program’s expectations and the child’s skills.
The teacher practices positive teacher-child relations.	The teacher builds relationships with each individual child and models cooperation and empathy.
老师使用面向解决方案的干预方法。	教师模型如何平稳地解决冲突，并鼓励孩子们为自己洽谈。老师在管理和监测他或她自己的情感和增长时致力于发展中心。
The teacher builds partnerships with families.	从孩子进入该计划时，老师通过正面笔记，电话，会议和会议与家庭成员建立积极关系。
The teacher uses teamwork with adults.	The teacher understands that she or he cannot do everything alone and creates a team with other adults (including family members and volunteers). Positive guidance involves teamwork with other skilled adults, especially if a child has consistent, intensive challenging behavior.

文化的影响和经验对指导

There are multiple factors that can influence how we, as adults, respond to a child’s behavior, including how we were raised, our personal values and beliefs, and our understanding of child development. Through careful consideration of these factors, we can better understand and improve our interactions with children and their families. This will positively influence the overall development of the children we serve. Consider a few examples of culturally determined adult expectations of children:

• The age at which a child feeds or dresses herself or himself
• The age at which a child uses the toilet independently
• Whether and when a child sleeps independently
• The amount and nature of eye contact between children and adults
• 对成年人和儿童如何互相交谈的期望（例如，质疑成年人的可接受性，彼此交谈等）
• The ways adults and children show affection (hugging, etc.)

我们自己期望和孩子行为（或家庭优先事项）之间的不匹配可能会引起紧张。了解可能在文化上确定的行为的可变性非常重要。在尝试这样做时，反思你的方式可能会有所帮助ownupbringing influences how你view child guidance. For example, if you grew up in a strict home, you may view guidance very differently from a colleague who grew up in a home with few rules. You will learn more about the importance of understanding culture-based behaviors in Lesson Two.

Your own upbringing may influence the kinds of behaviors you tolerate. For example, think about how you would respond if a child left circle time without permission in your classroom. While some teachers may have considered this child’s behavior challenging or problematic, and therefore may have expected the child to return to circle, others may think that this behavior demonstrates the child’s sense of independence and choice-making. This belief could cause the teacher to ignore the behavior. Neither of these responses are right or wrong; they are simply representations of how culture and experiences shape individuals’ approaches to guidance.

指导作为基于优势的方法

在您作为学前班教师的日常工作中，您应该考虑接近可万博体育全站app能具有挑战性的行为作为解决问题的机会和教导新技能。您应该鼓励孩子对他们的行为承担责任，关心并与他人相处，并为集团做出贡献。通过这样做，您可以帮助创建和维持一个积极的气候，即使在错误的错误，也侧重于团队合作，接受，合作和耐心。当你专注于他人的积极性状时，你可能会看到那些积极行为的发生增加。您可以鼓励其他同事与孩子们一起做同样的事情。

看

Do

As a preschool teacher, it is your responsibility to provide developmentally appropriate experiences and activities that are sensitive to children’s individual needs. As you plan and implement your program, you must remember you are setting the foundation for children’s growth and success. When thinking about guidance in your preschool classroom, consider the following:

• Plan meaningful, fun experiences for the children in your care while acknowledging their individual differences and backgrounds.
• Embed opportunities for guidance learning throughout your school day and provide children with multiple opportunities to express themselves in various ways.
• 承认，验证，并响应儿童的需求，情绪和关注。
• 请记住，儿童的行为，特别是具有挑战性的行为，传达一条消息，并取决于美国成年人“解码”并解释该信息。
• 对儿童独特的生活环境和可能影响他们行为的经验敏感。
• 以促进儿童成功的方式安排你的环境。
• Use natural classroom events, relationships and interactions with peers and adults as opportunities to talk with children about emotions or challenging behaviors.

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Positive GuidanceCompetency Reflection, and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the PreschoolCourse Guide。

请注意，每个课程结束时的引用和资源部分概述了参考源和资源，以查找有关所涵盖主题的其他信息。当您完成课程时，您预计不会审查所有可用的在线参考。但是，欢迎您进一步探索资源，如果您有兴趣或培训师，教练或管理员的要求进一步探索资源。