自我反思

正如我们对我们的生活的看法，我们倾向于拥有我们作为一个人的想法或质疑，我们是一个人，我们在特定的角色（例如，家庭，工人等的成员）。花点时间击败一些描述你所在的人的几句话或短语。

How did you describe yourself? Funny? Smart? Emotional? Energetic? Tall? Brown-eyed? It is likely that some of your responses reflect some of your personality traits as well as some of your physical traits. You may have responded with reference to some of the many roles you assume in a day such as mother or father, daughter or son, teacher, friend, community member. Your interactions with other individuals may also shape how you define yourself.All您的描述提供了窗户进入自我感觉。

This course will help you better understand the concept of self and how it relates to your own competence, confidence, and well-being. Additionally, this course will help you learn how a sense of self develops for children in preschool and what that means to you as a preschool teacher.

What is a Sense of Self?

据Mark Ylvisaker（2006年）的研究人员来说，我们的自我意识包括我们认为对自己最重要的作用，属性，行为和关联。有助于发展我们的人的例子可以包括我们的职业，爱好，隶属关系，能力，人格特征和精神信仰。我们如何识别以及我们对自己的感受如何主要是我们环境和立即环境的结果。例如，如果您是令人鼓舞或培育环境的成员，则更有可能在您的能力中留下接受和自信。虽然，如果您是一个不支持或负面环境的一部分，您可能难以发现您是谁是由于缺乏接受和鼓励来探索您的兴趣和积极的属性。想想一个你知道谁对他或她执行特定任务或技能的能力充满信心。此个人机会已获得积极的反馈和其他人的支持，这有助于进一步发展这些技能并培养身份感。

当我们成长和成熟,我们的身份也可以查nge depending on time and place. Relationships, parenthood, and life events can help shape our identities. Think back to who you were 10 years ago. Do you feel like the same person now? Whether you were 19 or 59 a decade ago, it is likely that your concept of who you are has changed in some way. Perhaps you have accomplished major goals like earning a degree or starting a family and these events have changed how you see yourself. Perhaps experiences like caring for an aging parent or ending a long-term relationship have called into question things you thought you knew about yourself.

与他人的互动也可以塑造你的自我意识。例如，如果您的家人赞扬您的烹饪能力，您可能会相信您是一个好厨师。但是，如果您要注册烹饪课程，当您在拥有类似或更高的烹饪才能的其他人的公司中，您对您的能力的看法可能会发生变化。在这个例子中，你的自我意识被改变，虽然你的煮的能力保持不变。你的自我意识没有被评为真实的或虚假，而是足够好或不够好，因为情况就足够了。但是，如果你真正喜欢烹饪，而且无论谁在你面前，你都不可能从其他人那里获得别人的可能性，因为你的动力来自别人。

What is Self-Concept?

“As children develop an appreciation of their inner mental world, they think more intently about themselves. During early childhood . . . children begin to construct a self-concept which is the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.”(Berk, 2003, p. 444).

As you think about your own life, you may recall specific times when you became aware of particular circumstances that reinforced your own self-concept. Perhaps it was during a school or sports activity, a theatrical or musical performance, or another event when you realized you had accomplished a goal (either alone or with others) that you had set for yourself. Achieving goals you set and accomplishing tasks that required you to stretch beyond your comfort zone helped you develop a positive self-concept. The relationships that you had with caring adults in your life (e.g., parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches, etc.) nurtured your self-concept as you learned about your unique abilities, gifts, and talents. Multiple factors, including cultural background, experiences, and, most importantly, relationships with adults and peers affect the development of a child’s self- concept. Just as your own experiences and early relationships with family members and peers have influenced the development of your self-concept, so, too, will you and your staff create positive experiences that assist the children in your care to learn about themselves.

What does a Sense of Self Mean for Preschoolers?

Adults are able to view themselves in numerous dimensions and can describe themselves in detail with many distinctions in ability and worth within these dimensions, according to sociologist Viktor Gecas (1982). Many years of life experiences have accumulated to shape a pronounced, unwavering, and realistic sense of self. Young children are still developing and their sense of self is not as complex or established as an adult’s. Preschoolers are just beginning to understand their own unique characteristics and their place in the world. They view themselves in broad terms across a few dimensions, specifically, physical abilities, academic abilities, social competence, and social acceptance (Marsh, 2002; Measelle, 1998). Preschool children see and define themselves primarily in physical terms (Marshall, 1989). When asked to describe themselves they will most often reply with physical actions such as, “I can run fast” and “I am a big kid. I can go potty all by myself” or physical traits such as “I am a girl and I have brown hair.” Occasionally preschoolers may go on to list their likes and dislikes (Marshall, 1989). Preschoolers see themselves and others in a “this or that” perspective, such as entirely good or bad and do not understand a person may be both at the same time.

早年发生的经验为个人的自我感，奠定了基础，一旦建立了感知，它就会持久（Marsh，2002）。一个孩子的最终经历使他能够认为自己或自己的良好或能力可能会在她的生活中携带这种信心，而一个始终如一地觉得生命早期的孩子可能会遇到困难的时光或者他是别的什么。

与孩子的自我意识，通常从家庭成员开始，以及后来在内的教师和同龄人的重大关系将产生最大的影响。教师可能是第一个影响孩子如何感受到他或她的学术能力的人。老师也可以对孩子如何互相互动的影响巨大影响。

What is Resilience?

According to Michele Tugade and Barbara Fredrickson (2004), there are individuals who seem to bounce back from negative events quite effectively, whereas others are caught in a rut, seemingly unable to get out of their struggling and negative streaks. Being able to move on despite negative stressors demonstrates a concept known as resilience. Someone who is said to be resilient is effective at coping and adapting even when faced with loss, hardship, or adversity. That is not to say that they are blind to negativity or do not experience high levels of anxiety and frustration. Instead, someone who is resilient chooses to focus on positive aspects and emotions of the situation at a greater rate.

每个孩子都有机会制定和增强个人特征和其他强度，充当保护因素或帮助造成不幸和变革的保护障碍。这些优势或保护区因素是在与关怀成人的重要，安全和反应关系的背景下制定的。他们也可以通过在孩子扮演和生活的环境中发现的保护区因子来加强，以及自己或自己的孩子。在自我保护区内与自我和社会和情感福祉的发展密切相关。

What Role does Culture Play?

文化可以帮助定义个体如何看待themselves and how they relate to others. Remember that individuals differ in many ways: language diversity, cultural diversity, gender diversity, religious diversity, and economic diversity (Selmi, Gallagher, & Mora-Flores, 2015). All of these aspects of diversity work together to form your sense of self.

It is important for you to respect others' cultures and to acknowledge and understand that individuals may not develop a sense of self in the same manner. A family’s cultural values shape the development of its child’s self-concept: Culture shapes how we each see ourselves and others. For example, some cultures prefer children to be quiet and respectful when around adults. This does not indicate that a quiet child lacks self-confidence. It is important to remember that not all families reinforce the mainstream American cultural values of individualism, competition, and assertiveness. Young children learn and absorb the stories told to them that often emphasize a family’s values and affect a child’s self-concept. As children grow older and attend school and spend leisure time with their peers, they learn that others may not have the same values as their family. For instance, a family may value academics over playing sports while another family may value the arts and learning to play a musical instrument. Each family influences a child’s self-concept within their cultural context. Young children may describe themselves based upon their family’s values (for example, a young child from a culture that stresses fitting in with others as a strong value may describe herself as “kind” while another child from a culture that stresses individualism may describe herself as “a good runner”). As a preschool teacher, you assume the important task of nurturing young children’s sense of self, and you must carefully observe and listen to each child.

Two of the most studied aspects of culture related to the sense of self are independence and interdependence. Independence views individuals as separate from one another, and ideas such as self-esteem, individual choices, and assertiveness are valued. Interdependence means more value is placed on the group, and ideas like conformity, concern for others, and group decision-making are valued. Children come from families and cultures that value independence and interdependence in different ways at different times.

据发展心理学家Catherine Raeff（2010），文化可以影响你的同事和你所服务的家庭的方式：

• Relationships：Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. This influences how adults encourage children to form relationships: Do they choose whom to play with or are children encouraged to play in certain ways to promote group welfare?
• 人格特质：Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
• Achievement：文化影响您如何定义成功以及是否重视某些类型的个人和团体成就。
• 表达情绪：文化影响如何以及您是否考虑感受公共或私人。

Take a moment to reflect on the influence your culture has had on your sense of self. How might this influence your teaching philosophy and expectations in your classroom?

这对你意味着什么？

As a preschool teacher, you are likely to encounter coworkers, children and family members from a variety of backgrounds and life experiences. It is important for you to understand the complexity of culture’s influence on identity, but it is also important for you to understand individual differences. For example, a parent who has had a lifetime of encouragement, praise, and support may have a very different parenting style or needs from a parent who has experienced extensive criticism, self-doubt, and isolation. In addition, one parent may recognize and celebrate a young child’s growing abilities and all she or he is capable of doing on her own, while another parent may choose to take on tasks the preschooler is capable of doing for himself or herself. Depending on how often a young child experiences these different approaches, he or she may come to doubt his or her abilities to control and influence his or her world. As a preschool teacher, you will need to be able to provide young children and their families with culturally and developmentally sensitive care and help them be successful in the classroom now and in the years ahead.

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自我感：介绍

Do

作为学龄前万博体育全站app老师，您可以在帮助幼儿培养自我意识方面发挥重要作用。万博体育全站app学龄前儿童从培育和支持成年人中学习，鼓励他们探索他们的环境并增长。Here are some things you can do to foster preschoolers’ developing sense of self:

• 在课堂和计划中建立和培养社区感。
• Respond to young children’s comments, questions, feelings, or concerns.
• Acknowledge and show excitement in young children’s discoveries.
• Be sensitive to children’s unique backgrounds and needs.
• Reach out to families of children in your program and learn about their lives.

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Self & Cultural UnderstandingCompetency Reflection, and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the Preschool Self & Cultural UnderstandingCourse Guide。

请注意，每个课程结束时的引用和资源部分概述了参考源和资源，以查找有关所涵盖主题的其他信息。当您完成课程时，您预计不会审查所有可用的在线参考。但是，欢迎您进一步探索资源，如果您有兴趣或培训师，教练或管理员的要求进一步探索资源。