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Highlighted in Lesson One was that a sense of self includes the roles, attributes, behaviors, and associations that we consider most important about ourselves, according to researcher Mark Ylvisaker (2006). Many factors help to develop who we are and may include our occupations, hobbies, affiliations, abilities, personality traits, and spiritual beliefs. How we identify ourselves is largely the result of our immediate surroundings and significant relationships, especially for young children. As a preschool teacher, you have a significant influence on how young children think and feel about themselves each day they are in your care and long after they depart for kindergarten.

Sense of Self and Preschool Children

万博体育全站app学龄前儿童能够将自己视为separate and unique individuals, but they define themselves in very concrete terms that tend to be descriptive rather than judgmental. Their overall mental image of themselves is limited to their names, physical attributes, ages, sexes, possessions, and abilities (Berk, 2013). For example, on the playground, Henry encounters a new student and asks, "Who are you?" The boy eagerly responds, "I’m Oren. I am 4 years old. I have a baby brother. And today, I got this train from the toy store." Young children use “this or that” labels to describe themselves and others (Oswalt, 1999). Categorizing everyone and everything with labels such as “boy or girl,” “child or adult,” and “big or small” helps them mentally organize the world around them. They have not cognitively developed to the point where they can understand people may possess opposing characteristics, such as good and bad, at the same time.

3½，儿童可以在简单的情绪和态度方面描述自己，如“当妈妈和我一起玩”或“我不喜欢在外面等待”（Berk，2013）。虽然儿童可能无法解决他们的特定人格特质，直到他们是学龄龄，而且当被问及3½时，他们可以一致地响应。例如，一个孩子可能无法将他或自己形容为值得信赖，但是当被问及一系列与值得信赖的问题时，如“你做了你所在的时候，没有人看？”孩子可以作为描述孩子的父母和教师调查准确地回答。

3到5岁之间的时间是一个相当大的身体增长，学龄前儿童正在快速学习新技能和掌握旧技能。万博体育全站app狗万app怎么下载结果，他们主要以物理术语表征自己。当被要求描述自己时，学龄前儿童经常回复可观察特征，具体的能力或等行动，万博体育全站app“我是艾拉和我3。我是一个大女孩。我自己可以携带我的背包“（伯克，2013; Marshall，1989）。通常，在5岁之后例如，许多学龄前儿童可能相信他们是世万博体育全站app界上最快的赛跑者。当给予违法的证据时，他们可能会或可能不会困扰。在这个时代，幼儿主要根据他们的价值的成年人如何回应他们所做的事情的方式形成关于自己的判决。

Our earliest sense of self is formed as a result of interactions with our family members and caregivers. As discussed in the course on Social-Emotional Development, infants use signals such as crying, smiling, cooing, or moving their bodies to let their caregivers know their needs. How caregivers respond to these cues sends messages to infants such as, “You are safe, loved and valued” or “You are unimportant.” These messages influence the infants’ future behaviors and attitudes. When family members and caregivers are consistently responsive to an infant’s cues in a warm and caring manner, the infant becomes secure, confident and happy, while the infant who receives consistently negative or mixed messages may become fearful and depressed (Marshall, 1989). This responsive process continues as the infant grows into a toddler and then into a preschooler. It occurs moment to moment during interactions and influences how preschoolers expect others to be with and treat them. To learn more about responsive caregiving, you can review the Preschool Social-Emotional Course.

记住大脑

作为学前班万博体育全站app老师，您认识到培育成年人和环境影响幼儿的大脑有线的方式。在考虑发展自我和与关系的联系（与培养成年人）和情绪的联系的发展时，您也可能发现自己在考虑大脑发展和生活中早期的模式。例如，响应性和情绪表达与大脑发育相互联系。因此，影响大脑的条件会影响情绪发展和自我意识。例如，自闭症“通常是由于无法理解其他人存在自己的观点，感受和经验”（Wittermer＆Petersen，2013，第127页）。

It’s also clear that stress influences the development of the brain. Repeated negative experiences become strengthened and alter optimal development. Take a moment to learn more about stress, a young child’s brain and development of self by watching the following clip:

InBrief: The Science of Neglect发展中国家的中心
在哈佛大学http://developingchild.harvard.edu/resources/multimedia/videos/inbrief_series/inbrief_neglect/

促进学龄前儿童的自我感万博体育全站app

According to Ylvisaker, there are seven experiences that contribute to the construction of a positive and productive sense of self:

满足所有儿童和家庭的需求

在您的教室中没有两个孩子或家庭将相同，满足每个人的需求似乎有挑战性。没有一个最好的做法是帮助孩子培养健康的自我意识;它随着时间的推移需要许多经验。虽然您需要特别注意完成这一目标，但实现这一目标所需的任务将与您每天参与的许多最佳做法一致。

在里面first lesson，您有机会了解有关家庭和护理行为受文化影响的方式。例如，一个家庭可能会在一个幼儿中重视一个安静的风度，而在另一个家庭中，有价值的家庭，痉挛性和说话是有价值的。这些价值观和信仰指导成年人对幼儿回应的方式，影响幼儿的幼儿接受，并且本质上讲，有助于确定幼儿是谁。再加上个人信仰和价值观的是所有幼儿的需求，以帮助他们在文化上适当的方式发展，发展，表达情绪和展示行为，并培养自我和自我价值。Brazelton和Greenspan（2000）强调，当七次不可简化的需求（健康初期的基本要求）时，幼儿能够感到安全，与他人有关：

• 正在进行的养育关系
• Physical protection, safety and regulation
• Experiences tailored to individual differences
• Developmentally appropriate experiences
• Limit setting, structure, and expectations
• Stable communities and cultural continuity
• Adults to protect the future

促进家庭参与儿童的自我发展

Considering that families have the largest impact on young children’s development, it is critical that they are actively involved in program efforts that promote their children’s sense of self and overall development.

在学龄前的工作中，重要的是帮助家万博体育全站app庭了解儿童参与活动的重要性，促进其自我和整体福祉感的发展。与此同时，对家庭的价值观，背景，信仰，文化实践和传统敏感，与幼儿的技能发展和独立有敏感也是非常重要的。虽然您可能对儿童应该或不应该在学龄前培养自我意识的情况下有一定的意见，但重要的是要考虑家庭，并试图了解和尊重可能与您不同的观点。万博体育全站app例如，虽然您可能对幼儿的高度重视独立性，因此认为让孩子们自己吃得很重要，所以他们可以成为独立的，在您的护理中的儿童家庭可能会重视相互依存，而且反过来，反过来，有利于成年人帮助儿童随着饮食，有助于建立和促进关系。作为一种关怀和资源丰富的专业人士，您需要灵活，并考虑替代方式，以积极地与教室中的所有家庭互动。

建立和维持家庭与学校之间的协作关系促进儿童的最佳学习和增长。狗万app怎么下载涉及具有特殊学习需求的儿童家庭时，沟通尤为重要。狗万app怎么下载作为儿童保育提供者，您应该尽可能多地收集儿童及其特定需求，包括家庭过去使用的住宿。您应该邀请家人分享问题或提出问题。

Challenge yourself to get to know every family in your care. You cannot appreciate what you don’t know or can’t see. Reach out to children’s families and find out about their priorities. Focus on their strengths and support them in their struggles. Instead of judging, be sensitive about why family members believe or act the way they do.

See

Supporting Young Children’s Sense of Self

Understanding and Honoring Differences

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作为学前班万博体育全站app教师，您可以通过以下方式支持各种学习者和家庭：

• Providing young children with predictable routines that emphasize continuity between their home and school setting.
• 在教室和学校环境中使用幼儿的家用语言（例如，用一首熟悉的歌曲，一个熟悉的歌曲在南部睡着了。万博体育全站app
• Placing photographs of families in the classroom.
• 狗万app怎么下载学龄前儿童母语学习词语。万博体育全站app
• Labeling areas and materials in your classroom in preschoolers’ native languages.
• 为学龄前儿童提供一致，可预测的经验，以支持归属感。万博体育全站app
• Identifying family strengths in support of preschoolers’ sense of self.
• Focusing on children within their cultural context.
• 邀请家庭来到你的课堂和share about their lives, home routines, cultures, and traditions.
• 当您观察他们与孩子做事时，分享与家庭的积极评论和反馈。
• 提供在教室里连接儿童家庭。
• 为家庭提供资源。