Know

Children’s emotional well-being during their early years has a powerful impact on their social relationships. Children who are emotionally healthy are better able to establish and maintain positive relationships with adults and peers (Trawick-Smith, 2014). Consider some of the children in your own life and the different stages in their social-emotional development as they were growing up.

Preschool-age children are learning to talk about their feelings and the feelings of others. Social-emotional development, however, involves more than just expressing emotions. It entails taking turns, becoming independent in following routines, interacting more with peers, engaging in meaningful relationships with others, controlling emotions, and developing a positive self-image. These skills are crucial for children’s successful participation in school and home experiences and for their overall growth.

里程碑

下图仔细看看学龄前儿童如何在不同年龄段的社交情感技能。万博体育全站app请记住，当涉及儿童遇到这些里程碑的精确年龄时，存在个人差异。里程碑不应该被视为刚性检查表来判断儿童的发展，而是作为何时期望在幼儿出现的某些技能或行为的指南，所以你准备满足他们不断变化的需求。将这些里程碑视为帮助您理解和识别儿童增长和发展的典型模式的指导方针。您可以使用这些里程碑来满足课堂上幼儿的需求。虽然图表中突出显示的技能在学龄前多年的可预测序列中发展，但每个孩子都是独一无二的。万博体育全站app你的目标是帮助所有孩子成长并学会他们的潜力。

Social-Emotional Developmental Milestones in Preschool

Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013).Developmental Milestones.An electronic resource available from:http://www.cdc.gov/NCBDDD/actearly/pdf/checklists/All_Checklists.pdf

请记住，关于发展里程碑的期望是由文化价值观和偏好驱动的。例如，在一些文化中，孩子不会独立喂养自己，直到它们为3或4岁。在其他文化中，预计儿童将在早期婴儿期和蹒跚学步开始独立进食。在与儿童及其家庭的日常互动中，您应该提醒自己，文化和家庭优先事项会影响儿童的社交能力。

If you are concerned about a child’s development, talk with your trainer, coach, or supervisor first. Share your observations of the child’s behavior and the reasons you are concerned. Your trainer, coach, or supervisor may choose to observe the child and set up a meeting with the child’s family. In some situations, families might be encouraged to contact their local school district, which can arrange a free evaluation of the child’s development and can help the child get any needed help and services.

Preschoolers and Social-Emotional Development

当你研究图表,你可能会注意到the milestones are associated with different aspects of social-emotional development: Some are associated with children’s ability to engage in relationships with others, whereas others are associated with positive self-awareness. Some milestones relate to children’s ability to regulate or control emotions and others correspond with children’s ability to perform various tasks independently. Let’s take a closer look at these aspects of social-emotional development:

Relationships with others:Preschool-age children engage in pretend play with friends and use words and sentences to express their feelings and thoughts. Even though they may still need adult support to share toys and materials with friends, they improve on their own as time passes. Preschoolers also improve in their ability to understand and appropriately respond to their friends’ feelings. Children with healthy social-emotional development have a balance of all of these components.

自我意识：Preschool-age children improve their ability to control their bodies during different activities throughout the day (e.g., sitting at circle time or playing in the gym), take turns and have conversations with peers, acknowledge and use their own names and the names of others, and self-evaluate and know when they made appropriate or inappropriate choices.

Emotional regulation:Preschool-age children display a variety of emotions in different ways. For example, they may say, “I’m upset,” they may match facial expressions to happy, mad or sad, or they may laugh when excited. At the same time, they also improve their ability to manage their emotions to match the situation and environment and to control their emotions (e.g., separate easily from family members). Although preschoolers are better than toddlers at regulating emotions, they still need a great deal of help and practice with developing these appropriate behaviors.

Independence:万博体育全站app学龄前儿童与健康的独立predictable daily routines and activities at school and at home, start identifying a favorite friend and ask that friend to play, independently play with toys and materials at home, school, or an outdoor playground, and complete many self-care tasks, such as getting dressed, going to the bathroom, eating snacks, feeding themselves, or getting ready for bed. Independent preschoolers will also tell caregivers about their day and learn and use new vocabulary daily.

Emotional Literacy

Emotional literacy is children’s ability to label and talk about their own emotions or feelings, as well as the feelings and emotions of others. This is an essential component of social-emotional development because it helps children understand their own emotional experiences and, at the same time, helps them to acknowledge and understand the emotional experiences of others. Emotional literacy helps children solve problems and regulate their own emotions; these skills are essential for success in preschool and beyond. Children who label, talk about, and are aware of their emotions are more likely to focus on and engage in classroom routines and activities and less likely to become easily frustrated, have excessive tantrums, or act impulsively.

许多孩子学会通过在积极关系和支持环境的背景下与响应性成年人的互动或谈话来识别和讨论情绪。在您的工作计划中的工作中，您应该嵌入万博体育全站app全天的社会技能发展机会。例如，您可以分享您对事件或经验的情绪，并鼓励孩子分享自己的情绪。您还可以阅读讨论情绪或社交互动的书籍。在本课程的应用部分，您可以找到其他资源和活动的示例，您可以用来促进孩子的情感素养。

支持学龄前儿童的社会情感发展万博体育全站app

Children learn social-emotional skills in the context of their relationships by watching, imitating and responding to the social behaviors of others. Children also learn from the ways others respond to their emotions. Social-emotional skills are closely connected to a child’s family, cultural background and early experiences. Children learn by interacting and forming relationships with members of their families, schools and communities.

As highlighted in Lesson One (Social-Emotional Development: An Introduction), social-emotional learning begins in infancy and adults are the most influential models for young children. Caregivers who understand their infants’ emotional cues and respond immediately and sympathetically have infants who are less fussy and easier to soothe. The same happens with preschoolers; if caregivers validate children’s feelings, address their needs, and are responsive and supportive, preschoolers are better able to communicate their needs and emotions and are more likely to demonstrate healthy social-emotional development.

健康的社会情感发展与敏感的护理有高度相关。响应性护理人员是支持性和积极的，提供刺激材料，玩耍和与孩子们参与，分享活动和经验，遵循儿童的领导，并支持儿童的兴趣和学习。狗万app怎么下载响应性护理人员全天计划有意义的机会，以帮助儿童练习和学习社交技能。在阅读本节时，设想您在促进您照顾中儿童的健康社交情绪发展中所作的角色。

In Lessons 3 and 4, you will learn additional strategies to support the social-emotional development of all preschoolers.

See

学龄前儿童的社会情感技能万博体育全站app

Social-Emotional Development in Preschool

Do

Preschool-age children in your care need daily opportunities to participate in activities that help them learn new social-emotional skills or practice existing skills in fun, stimulating, and supportive environments. You should purposefully use strategies throughout your day to support young children’s social-emotional development. Understanding developmental milestones is an important aspect of working with young children. Learning and understanding how preschoolers develop social-emotional skills and competence will help you foster their social-emotional learning and determine what kinds of experiences to plan in your classroom and program. You will find additional resources to foster children’s social-emotional competence in the Apply section. Consider the following in your daily work with preschoolers:

• Be responsive to children’s interaction attempts and build on what children say.
• Engage in frequent, developmentally appropriate social interactions with children and adults in your classroom throughout your daily experiences and routines.
• Follow children’s leads, cues and preferences.
• Include emotion words in conversations with children.
• Make books available that discuss feelings and social interactions.
• Ask children meaningful questions about their actions, interests, events and feelings.
• Encourage children to use their words and talk to their peers when conflicts arise. Use developmentally appropriate language and provide conversation models and cues for children to follow if they need help solving a problem.
• Ensure you are sensitive to children’s unique needs, experiences and backgrounds.
• 与他们的家人联系并响应他们的需求和偏好。