知道

在您的计划中，您可能与学龄儿童和青少年合作，从五岁到十二岁。发展适当的做法反映了作为学龄工作人员的想法，您必须了解某些年龄儿童的典型技能，适合个人儿童，家庭和社区的重视（Naeyc，2009）。它为工作人员提供了有关如何支持儿童的增长和发展的结构化指导，并为他们的能力学习有意义和有目的。狗万app怎么下载例如，一个年轻的五年或六岁的孩子了解数学或阅读可能与十一个或十二岁的孩子学习的东西非常不同。

有必要使学习有目的，有意义，并根据学龄儿童的能力狗万app怎么下载，发展和利益。您应该了解不同年龄的儿童的典型技能，适合个人儿童以及家庭和社区价值（Naeyc，2009）。这些知识将帮助您对您提供参加计划的学龄儿童的学习经历进行日常决定。狗万app怎么下载

在以下部分中，您将了解学龄儿童通常在初级和中学收购的技能和知识。您应该使用这些知识来对您提供儿童的学习经历进行日常决定。狗万app怎么下载

Experiences and Activities that Promote School-Age Children's Cognitive Development

学龄儿童在参与日常经验和与成年人和同龄人的互动时学习最佳。以下是儿童可能学习重要概念的一些方式：

阅读和写作

写给学龄儿童和青年的写作的一个目标是帮助他们发展技能和知识，以有效地向各种受众传达信息，想法和意见。狗万app怎么下载学习写作，就像阅读一样，是一个终身的过程。学龄儿童非常重要，以学习批判性写作技巧。

How do reading and writing complement each other? Let's look at a few examples (Onless, 2005).

• When children write, they're encouraged to spell words as they sound them out. As they do this they actually learn about phonemic awareness - an important component of learning to read.
• 当学龄儿童了解拼写时，他们也在学习很多关于拼音。狗万app怎么下载他们来了解字母声音与那些声音的声音之间的关系，以及如何转化为书面语言。
• When school-age children are read to or read print books on their own, they start to understand the structure of stories. They can use these stories as models for their own writing. It also works the other way around. When school-age children practice writing stories, all of the different parts of a story come alive to students.

如何支持儿童和青少年的阅读理解和写作技巧？以下是各种识字活动，可以在您的特定程序设置中轻松实现。

• Reading Aloud:研究表明,younger children (and even older children!) benefit greatly from being read aloud to. When you read aloud to children you are modeling fluent and expressive reading, exposing students to new vocabulary, and creating a love of reading (Neuman, Copple, & Bredekamp, 2000). Older children might benefit from reading aloud with a partner. Partner reading not only helps students build fluency but also encourages students to work together (Armbruster, Lehr, & Osborne, 2001).
• 读者的剧院：演出故事让孩子有机会共同努力，为生活带来一本书。这是一个有趣的活动，帮助孩子流利，并建立他们的理解（armbruster，Lehr，＆osborne，2001）。采取故事的一种方法是通过读者的剧院。在读者的剧院剧院和青年排练，从书籍创建并为同行执行剧本。孩子们可以从书中播放字符或者将领先作为分享重要背景知识的叙述者。
• 书讨论或文学圈子：书籍圈，有时称为文学界，帮助孩子和青年思考并谈论他们与其他同龄人一起阅读的书籍。书籍讨论帮助儿童制定关于他们已阅读的意见（Peralta-Nash＆Dutch，2000）。在您的程序中领先书籍圈可能在开始时难以努力，特别是如果您之前从未引导讨论组。以下资源，“文学圈：入门”提供了一些关于如何开始文学圈讨论的指导，http://www.readwritethink.org/classroom-resources/lesson-plans/literature-circles-getting-started-19.html.。
• Engaging in creative writing activities:Research shows that school-age programs can do a lot to foster children's writing skills. You can implement a range of activities that help children practice the writing skills they learn in school and develop a love of writing. For younger children, simply allowing them to express themselves through writing can help them understand that writing has a real purpose (Graves, 1983). Older children might benefit from the following writing-focused activities: writing poems, writing letters to pen pals, writing autobiographies, writing songs, writing and then acting out plays, or writing book reports on a topic of interest.
• 作者的主席：Author's chair gives school-age children an opportunity to share their writing with their peers once it has gone through the editing and revising stages of the writing process (Graves, 1983). A special time is created for writers to share their writing and receive positive feedback about their writing. To make author's chair special, you might want to designate a "special" chair for the author sharing his or her writing. The following link provides ideas for how to implement a successful author's chair:https://dwwlibrary.wested.org/files/3861191.pdf%3Frp_log_id=cAUya90q。
• Use of graphic organizers.One way to help students organize their thoughts about what they are reading or writing is through the use of graphic organizers. As you plan writing and reading activities for children and youth in your program, you might want to consider using graphic organizers as a way to help them think through activities. The following website provides a detailed explanation of graphic organizers and also provides sample templates.http://aem.cast.org/about/publications/2003/ncac-graphic-organizers-udl.html#.WkuhsXnauUk。

数学

There are many ways to create fun and engaging math related learning experiences. You can help children become confident and successful mathematicians by implementing these activities in your program.

• Make math visual and hands-on.Many school-age children have difficulties picturing numbers and calculations in their mind. For these children, math is an abstract concept. Your school-age program can help children visualize math problems by incorporating hands-on activities (Spear-Swerling, 2006). For young children, addition and subtraction problems can be simplified by counting actual objects. For example, children can practice geometry by using toothpicks and marshmallows to create different types of shapes and angles. Older children can practice mathematical concepts by designing towers using building blocks or Legos.
• 创造学习的吸引力机会。狗万app怎么下载If an activity relates to children's lives, interests, or hobbies, then their level of participation and effort will increase. There are countless ways to incorporate math skills in any activity. Sports, board games, video games, arts, and sciences all incorporate aspects of math. One example you can include in your program is having children take a poll, or asking their peers and family members what their favorite animal is or favorite food. Then, children can create their own graphs to show the results of their poll.
• 合并技术。许多儿童和青少年出于侦探hnology. Technology-based mathematics activities can include educational computer games and learning programs, using cameras to take pictures of geometric shapes in real world settings, using calculation devices to assist with problem solving, using stop-watches to calculate time challenges, or using online programs to measure distances and landforms. Since mathematics is present in most daily activities, your school-age program can easily combine technology and math to create motivated learners.

Science and Exploration

孩子是天生的探险家使用of their senses to investigate their surroundings. Their curiosity leads them to uncover new information and challenges on a daily basis. The enthusiasm and energy that children bring to new experiences provides a wealth of opportunities for learning. Teaching children thinking skills is one of the major challenges in education. Giving children practice with independent thinking builds their problem solving abilities. When children learn strategies to work their way through one type of problem, it is likely that they will be able to transfer their problem solving process to new types of problems (Mayer & Wittrock, 2012).

Opportunities for exploration and problem solving are right at your fingertips. A fallen bird's nest, the illumination of lightning bugs, the presence of pollution and litter, or preparing and eating ethnic foods are just a few examples of science and social studies topics that can be used for deeper exploration. All it takes is a walk around the block or a trip to a local park to help children make new discoveries.

Social Studies

您的学龄计划可以通过为体验学习的机会创造社会研究。狗万app怎么下载经验学习只是意味着通过做来狗万app怎么下载学习。体验学习是一项高度成功的教狗万app怎么下载学策略，使儿童能够通过与学习的经验进行学习和保留信息。在从事体验学习时，孩子们在所有的感官上画画。狗万app怎么下载他们阅读并听取信息以制定背景知识。他们看到与他们的主题相关的文物或视觉效果。他们承担职责体验他们学习的主题（DIEM，2004）。

Any social studies topic can be taught through experiential learning. For example, children studying Ancient Egypt can work in teams to build monuments or create ships to sail the Nile. Children can practice being archeologists by digging to discover hidden treasures in the sand table or outside. Older children can learn about Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics and practice writing notes in the ancient language. Creativity is important for designing engaging and meaningful learning opportunities for school-age children.

Children can also learn about the experiences, contributions, and cultural practices of diverse people and places by reading stories. Carefully selected books, and read-aloud opportunities where children and youth are encouraged to reflect and discuss different characters' experiences supports the development of empathy and an inclusive environment. Such experiences also contribute to children's growing understanding of history, equality, and diversity. The在本课程的第4课中探索活动提供了评估程序中提供的书籍类型的指南。在您的计划中使用较旧的学生或青年时期，您可以仔细检查通常嵌入书籍或其他形式的媒体（视频游戏或电影）的微妙和不足的偏见，并反思人们可能形成的假设基于他们所呈现的方式，不同的人群。将社会情感学习概念纳入，例如对别人的善意和对差异的认识，以狗万app怎么下载支持整体认知和学术技能发展。

解决各种学习者和家庭的需求

看看你的教室，而学龄儿童和青年正在参与互动和工作。您可能会注意到一系列技能和能力。一些学龄儿童似乎茁壮成长，即使没有太多的支持。其他学龄儿童似乎需要你的帮助。甚至可能是你不太确定如何帮助的孩子。这些孩子可能会努力达到学习目标。狗万app怎么下载

为发展有意义的学习体验是如此重要狗万app怎么下载all学龄儿童。这包括具有特殊学习需求的儿童。狗万app怎么下载所有儿童都需要强大的发展适当的课程，支持性环境，以及与成年人的关系。然而，对于一些孩子来说，这对他们来说是不够的。有些孩子需要特别的住宿。作为一名学龄工作人员，您可以规划住宿以帮助特定的孩子。

Children with Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) have a specific program to help them meet personal goals. You should read the IEP to learn about the child's goals, services, accommodations, and modifications. Just as each child is different, each IEP is different. In general, these children will need accommodations, different ways to access the activities, or changes or adaptations to the curricula, the classroom, and the daily activities.

讲另一种语言并学习英语的儿童通常被称为英语学习者（ELL）或双语学习者（DLL）。狗万app怎么下载这些孩子中的一些人可能很难轻松做所有教室活动。在您的计划中学习英狗万app怎么下载语的儿童可能是非常不同的水平。有些人可能会在家里听到相当多的英语，而其他人可能会听到没有。这意味着有些孩子可能需要比其他孩子更多的帮助。您可以帮助学习（a）学习英语的儿童，包括多元文化活动，（b）狗万app怎么下载给予他们特殊的支持，（c）使这些儿童感到包括在所有活动中。

What does it look like to help all children learn? It is characterized by flexibility and a variety of changes.

Changes to Curricula

Think about whether your experiences and activities include the right kind of goals and instruction for a child. If not, you can make some changes to how information is presented. For example, some children who have difficulty with reading comprehension may need to have an abridged version of a book while other children can read the book in its entirety. Children with weak vocabulary skills might benefit from vocabulary instruction before reading a new book. School-age children can use a concept map where they write the vocabulary word, write the definition, identify an example and non-example, and draw a picture of the vocabulary word.

Changes to the Environment

您可能必须更改您的计划环境，以满足某些孩子的需求。例如，在阅读书籍或在项目上工作时，学龄儿童可以坐在锻炼球上。您的活动的其他变化可能包括设置不同的中心，提供儿童个人自我监控图表，或播放音乐以让学生集中注意力。例如，您的计划可以设置不同的中心（例如，阅读中心，数学中心，探索中心，写作中心），孩子可以转移到不同活动的不同中心。在一个中心，孩子们可以在跟随他们面前和另一个中心的书之后听一本书，孩子们可以玩游戏来加强不同的数学概念。如果有不同的任务子项需要完成，他们可以各自提供不同活动的列表，并使用它来自我监控完成不同活动的进展。改变环境的另一个例子是包括音乐。古典音乐可以在工作时对学生非常平静，并可以帮助他们保持专注于他们的工作。

活动期间的变化

具有特殊学习需求的儿童可能会发现一些活动非常狗万app怎么下载具有挑战性。例如，学习如何添加和减去的学龄儿童可能很难完成添加和减法问题。狗万app怎么下载在完成此类作业时，有许多不同的方法来支持孩子。帮助孩子的方式为他或她提供较少的问题。不同的方式帮助孩子将他或她提供在完成作业时使用的操纵（例如，块，数字线）。你给孩子的帮助可能会随着时间的推移而变化，因为他或她在做一项活动时变得更好。想想褪色的帮助，以便孩子学会在他或她自己身上进行活动。

反思文化

Culture influences how我们所有人view the world and the people around us. Every time we enter the classroom, we bring our own culture in with us. This culture influences the way we think and act. Understanding our own individual culture can increase our confidence and ability to work with others around us. Culture affects every part of our life. Look at the role culture plays in your interactions with others. Think about the ways your history and values affect your teaching. Do you expect family members to attend meetings and help with the class? Do you expect children to be toilet trained at a certain age? When do you think children should feed and dress themselves? These questions can be influenced by our culture and upbringing.

儿童和青年进入我们的课程，其中包含独特的背景和经验。了解孩子的背景和偏好是发展适当的练习的核心。您可以使用此信息发送消息，“您属于这里。”通过承认儿童，家庭成员和员工的文化和传统在您自己的课堂上，您可以使拥抱文化对教室的儿童更相关。通过这样做，您还可以帮助促进归属感和社区感。

许多孩子将用英语以外的第一语言进入您的课堂。重要的是要认识，尊重和加强家庭语言使用（Naeyc，1995）。以下是在教室里舒适的几种方法：

• 聘请讲孩子家庭语言的工作人员。
• 使用通用设计来学习（UDL），因为您可能需要更改课狗万app怎么下载堂环境以满足所有孩子的需求。您可以与孩子沟通有很多方法，包括语音，图片，音乐和多媒体。孩子们也可以用多种方式表达他们所知道的。这可能是通过音乐，舞蹈，绘图，技术等。本课程中的第5课提供了有关与各种学习者及其家人合作的广泛信息。

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Addressing the Needs of All Learners

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在您提供的经验中，您可以：

• 提供各种丰富的发展适当的活动。
• Provide plenty of opportunities to engage in active, project-based learning.
• Provide school-age children with a balance of routine and choice in the activities planned.
• 前往图书馆的实地考察或组织一本书展览会。
• 创造学龄儿童谈话，思考，写下或行动他们认为重要的积极价值。
• Create opportunities for school-age children to volunteer.
• 邀请为社区提供积极贡献的访客扬声器。
• Hold children accountable for their actions.
• Offer developmentally appropriate activities that are challenging to their age level but which still allow them to feel successful.
• 为学龄儿童对学龄儿童重要的个人问题和或主题提供期刊写作的机会。
• 邀请发言人与学龄儿童分享他们的励志生活故事。
• Use dramatic plays to create scripts where children can imagine what their positive future looks like.

使用技术是一家重要的学龄儿童学习方式，家庭可以在他们可以在家里利用技术的方式寻求输入。以下是一些建议美国儿科学院and other research-based information you can share with program families:

• Encourage children and families to eliminate background television and media use when doing homework.
• Establish healthy “sleep hygiene” or bedtime habits for children and youth of all ages. Viewing electronic devices close to bedtime can affect the quality and amount of sleep, as well as the ease of falling asleep.
• Families can engage with their children by asking them to show how they are using technology and media at school and in your program.