知道

您对家庭的看法是什么？

回想一下你是一名学龄儿童。当你想到这个词家庭时，想到的想法和记忆？您可能记得最喜欢的家庭熟食，令人兴奋的家庭度假，或者也许是您的童年房间。您童年的回忆很可能包括您家人的成员。家庭记忆还可以包括离婚或争论等艰难的回忆，或者像爱人的死亡一样。我们的家人，无论是好还是坏，每天都会影响我们的生活。

作为一名学龄员工，重要的是实现家庭在儿童和青年生命中的作用。家庭的各个方面都可以影响孩子的学习和发展，因此对欣赏和理解学龄儿童和青少年的家庭至关重要。狗万app怎么下载通过反思自己的经验和记忆，您将深入了解您的计划中的家庭。

家庭的意思

When you think of the word “family,” what does it mean to you? Who makes up your family? What kinds of things do you do together? What role do you play in your family? How do you define family?

每个家庭都是不同的，重要的是要对构成一个家庭的原因来保持开放。每个人以他或她自己的方式定义家庭。对于一些人来说，家庭可以代表那些生活在同一个家的人（在一个屋檐下）。对于其他人来说，家庭可能包括孩子的父母和所有重要成年人，帮助照顾孩子，如祖父母，阿姨，叔叔，邻居或最好的朋友。家庭在孩子的生活中是一致的，这是一个关于孩子的最重要信息来源。

The U.S. Census Bureau defines家庭作为一群由出生，婚姻或采用相关的两个或更多人，谁住在一起。全国幼儿教育协会表明“这个词”家庭may include those adults, besides parents, with the responsibility of being involved in educating, nurturing, and advocating for the child.” Researchers studying and working with families define家庭as “two or more people who regard themselves as a family and who carry out the functions that families typically perform. These people may or may not be related by blood or marriage and may or may not usually live together” (Turnbull, Turnbull, Erwin, & Soodak, 2006, p. 7).

What are some things that stand out to you as you read these definitions? You may notice that the first definition is quite specific in terms of how relationships are described, whereas the other two definitions are broader. As a professional working with young children, it is important to acknowledge that your own experiences influence your views about families and working with families. You will encounter individuals who define family differently than you do and who may share values, customs, or codes of behavior that are different from yours.

Like individuals, families are varied. Family structures have become more diverse through shared custody, same-sex couple families, families where members have different immigration statuses, and when a parent has children with multiple partners. While these circumstances do not always bring challenges, research suggests that children whose family structures are complex may be more likely to experience negative consequences, such as less caregiving from a parent. Today, 40 percent of children are born to unmarried parents. Like the concept of ‘family,’ the concept of family well-being is also challenging to define. You may recognize family well-being when you see it in your program. Or you may recognize when families’ lack some aspect of family well-being. As you think about how best to engage with and support the families in your program, consider your role in strengthening families’ protective factors. The good news is that many of the behaviors that correspond to positive family functioning can be “taught and strengthened with education.” (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019, p. 42).

今天的家庭如何看待？介绍以家庭为中心的练习

Families are central to their children and youth’s development. They are partners, active participants, and decision makers in their children’s education process. As a result,以科素为本is considered one of the indicators of quality in childhood education, programs, and services. At the heart of family-centered practice is the belief that families are the most important decision makers in a child’s life.

以家庭为中心的实践是您与家庭建立伙伴关系的方式。家庭中心实践哲学的一个关键方面之一是家庭在儿童的照顾和教育方面是平等的合作伙伴。工作人员必须明白，所有家庭成员都对彼此和儿童具有重要影响。每个家庭成员都会影响其他家庭功能的方式。

在考虑以家庭为中心的练习，您将在较大系统中查看学龄儿童和青少年;您正在将家庭成员视为整体。您意识到和敏感于家庭内部发生的相互作用和关系，以及影响它们的外部互动和支持。为了保持关系并有效地工作，您学习，尊重和理解每个家庭及其支持系统的特征。您还可以考虑可能影响他们参与的家庭的特点和压力。什么影响一个家庭成员可以影响所有家庭成员。一个家庭是一个系统，其中没有一个成员可以被隔离地看。

以科素为本

The chart below details the beliefs and actions that make up the philosophy of family-centered practice.

Beliefs	行动s
家庭是孩子生命中最重要的决策者。	我们了解家庭的想法和偏好。 我们在编程中提供选择。 我们涉及计划领导的家庭。 We involve families in decision-making.
Families are unique and their differences enrich our programs.	我们尊重和尊重多样性。 我们涉及孩子生命中的所有重要人物。 我们聘请并涉及家庭。 We develop responsive and reciprocal relationships. We represent families in our programs.
Families are resilient.	我们了解家庭的优势，需求和环境。 我们将家庭与资源连接。 我们建立家庭的优势。
Families are central to development and learning.	我们与家庭分享信息。 我们听家人。 我们将家人视为孩子的第一任教师。 我们尊重家庭对孩子的专业知识。
家庭是我们的合作伙伴。	We use respectful, responsive, and two-way communication. We reach out to families. We involve families in all aspects of our program.

尊重家庭的多样性

During the school-age years, children learn a great deal about their backgrounds, heritage and culture. Many of their behaviors are also influenced by culture: the age at which they can stay home alone, the nature of hanging out with friends, and their interactions with adults. Culture refers to the shared experiences and history of different groups of people. Cultural differences may include differences in views of family and community, expectations of children, roles of parents, and value placed on education.

文化是家庭抚养孩子的重要因素，以及你如何与学龄儿童互动。检查自己的文化体验，并考虑这些经验如何影响您与学龄儿童和家庭的练习。每个人都为儿童饲养和发展带来了特定的价值观，信仰和假设。在您执行的几乎所有类型的日常生活中，您的童年和培训的价值观都是塑造的。在您与学龄儿童和家庭合作时，重要的是要认识到您的价值观和信仰以及它们的传达方式。

有时，您可能会不确定如何支持学龄儿童或如何聘请具有较为不同经验和文化的家庭，包括那些讲陌生语言或者有陌生的宗教习俗的人。您可以承认差异，并展示对家庭的兴趣，以建立关系并学习为学龄儿童提供支持的方法。例如，您可以了解家庭的份额和何时享用膳食，这是受文化的影响并影响发展。通过文化镜片观看差异，尊重的对话可能会导致这些做法如何在学龄计划中得到支持。

学龄计划提供了一个环境，其中成年人和儿童可以了解和荣誉价值观，信仰和看法的差异。学龄儿童旧的足以认识到差异，并对他人有好奇心。狗万app怎么下载学习一个人的文化主要发生在家庭中，然而，在学龄方面，孩子们还了解文化和体验关系，影响他们对他们是谁以及他们将成为谁的关系。

为了帮助孩子培养这种感觉，他们将成为谁，他们必须尊重和庆祝家庭的多样性。各种维度存在多样性：

• Composition (who is a member of the family)
• 种族和种族
• 语
• 社会经济状况
• 性取向
• 能力或残疾
• 学历
• Values and traditions
• 儿童饲养实践

与学龄儿童及其家人合作，将提供许多迎接新人的机会，了解不同的文化，并观察各种生活方式。作为一个响应的学龄工作人员意味着您展示了儿童和家庭生活的多个背景，经验，价值观和背景的敏感性和考虑因素。对多样性的认识带来了对我们行为的方式以及我们所认为的方式与其他人的行为或其他人相信的方式不同。

School-age children offer a unique perspective on their cultural heritage because they are old enough to understand the differences between cultures. As a school-age staff member, you can use this to your advantage by allowing children and youth to teach you and their peers about their family traditions and culture. Remember, though, that being a responsive school-age staff member means being sensitive to children’s preferences and needs. It is not uncommon for school-age children to want to fit in with their peers and minimize differences. School-age children might be embarrassed to share traditions or practices that make them different from peers. Respect the children’s preferences while continuing to encourage each child to explore and express his or her culture.

Being a responsive school-age staff member also means that you avoid making assumptions about different groups of people and the ways they act or think. As much as it is important to acknowledge differencesbetweenvarious groups of people, it is also important to recognizewithin-group differences. While there may be commonly shared characteristics, values, and attributes among people who come from a particular geographic region or cultural heritage, there is still considerable variability within the same group in terms of values, or ways of doing things.

请记住，家庭将在他们接近育儿的方式方面不同。家庭可能会发现父母的关系变化，因为他们的孩子生长到青春期几年，这可能会影响育儿风格。家庭可以使用您不熟悉的育儿风格，或者您不同意。除非您觉得发生虐待或忽视，否则支持每个家庭在您的照顾中非常重要。如果您正在使用使用育儿风格的家庭，您将不熟悉，尝试学习风格的特征。如果您的程序中的家庭使用与程序规则不同的育儿风格，请咨询培训师，教练或管理员。了解孩子在家里的关心会如何帮助您了解您的计划中的孩子的个性和行为。

看

在以家庭为中心的练习哲学观察以下视频剪辑。该视频将检查每个主要类别的各个主要类别。

以科素为本：An Introduction

在此视频中，您将从学龄员工会员中听到。在剪辑中，她将讨论一个具体情况以及她如何努力尊重一个文化多样化的家庭。

尊重所有家庭

现在反思家庭和家庭中心实践的多样性。以下视频以两部分构建。首先，您将从家庭中听到关于了解家庭差异的重要性。其次，您将听取培训和课程专家关于尊重家庭。

尊重家庭：拥抱家庭多样性

在这次视频中，培训和课程专家讨论了学龄儿童如何有独特的机会来庆祝他们的文化。

Celebrating Culture: Unique School-Age Abilities

做

创建一个环境,促进和尊重ppreciation for families is a vital part of your role as a school-age staff member. The following are guidelines that will help you to carry out the philosophy of family-centered practice:

• 将家庭视为学龄儿童生活中最重要的声音。
• Honor all families by celebrating diversity and culture. Celebrate cultures by making them a part of your activity plans and giving children opportunities to teach others and share their unique experiences.
• Understand the daily triumphs and struggles that families will face.
• Communicate openly and regularly with families.
• Create an environment that supports family partnerships. Make all families feel welcome by creating a learning environment that is accepting of all lifestyles.

完成本课程

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Family Engagement能力反思以及在整个课程中提供的随附的学习，探索和应用资源和活动的列表，参观学龄纪时代家庭参与课程指南。

Please note the References & Resources section at the end of each lesson outlines reference sources and resources to find additional information on the topics covered. As you complete lessons, you are not expected to review all the online references available. However, you are welcome to explore the resources further if you have interest, or at the request of your trainer, coach, or administrator.