知道

Handwashing

Washing your hands is the most important thing you can do to keep yourself and the children and youth in your program healthy. Handwashing stops the spread of diseases and infections, which is important for you and the children. Studies find that proper handwashing decreased the occurrence of diarrhea-type illnesses in children and adults by 50 percent. It can also help prevent colds, flu, and other infections. It is essential to know how and when adults and children should wash their hands.

Healthy habits begin in the early years and you can teach children a great deal about how to prevent illness and infection. There are three main ways germs can enter the body: through contact with mucus from coughs and sneezes, cuts and scrapes, and contact with blood and other body fluids. As a school-age staff member, it is important to know how to prevent the spread of illness from these sources and how to promote hygiene practices. Maintaining clean hands is one of the most significant steps we can take to avoid getting sick and spreading germs to others. And the skills you teach children can also help bring these practices home. A recent study revealed that after using a public restroom, only 31% of men and 65% of women washed their hands. (Judah et al., 2009).

咳嗽和打喷嚏

当有人咳嗽或打喷嚏时，微小的微粒会释放到空气中。这些粒子可能含有细菌。当我们吸入这些微粒或接触被污染的表面时，我们会增加生病的风险。如果我们触摸眼睛、鼻子或嘴巴，风险就会增加。打喷嚏、用手咳嗽或擤鼻涕后正确洗手对保持健康环境和避免疾病传播很重要。

呼吸道感染和细菌通过咳嗽和打喷嚏。除了咳嗽或打喷嚏后的洗手，这里还有一些简单的方法，可以减少那些空气毒细菌的传播：

• 咳入你的手肘而不是你的手。学龄儿童和青少年可以证明这种技术，但他们可能不记得一直这样做。模拟这种做法是帮助他们开始健康的实践。疾病控制和预防中心（CDC）提供了一张海报，帮助加强了多种语言中提供的这种做法。看https://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/covercough.htm详情。
• 如果有的话，用一次性纸巾盖住打喷嚏。用免提垃圾桶处理纸巾。

将组织保留在整个节目中，当您外出时与您带走，以确保学校管理员有机会练习这种健康的习惯。您可以使用大量的纸巾，但这是形成很重要的良好习惯。当然，在使用组织并将其扔掉后，你和孩子们需要洗手。

割伤、擦伤和溃疡

As wounds heal, they might drip, ooze, or drain. These fluids can spread infection and the wound itself also is susceptible to infection. The American Academy of Pediatrics (2011) recommends covering and containing any wound that is leaking. If the wound is so severe or big that it cannot be contained, the child or adult should stay home until a scab has developed. Hand hygiene is critical before and after contact with your own, another staff member's, or a child's sores, cuts, or scrapes.

Blood and Other Body Fluids

血液可以携带多种病原体。血源性病原体包括人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）、乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）。这些疾病在托儿所的传播是罕见的。最常见的传播途径是针扎或血液或其他体液通过眼、鼻、口或皮肤破裂进入人体。这些疾病不会通过唾液、汗液或呕吐物传播。像拥抱、共用一个杯子、使用公共厕所、咳嗽和打喷嚏这样的偶然接触不会传播血源性疾病。

However, to promote hygiene practices and decrease the chance of contracting various infectious diseases, you should wash your hands before and after helping a child or another staff member who has been injured, and after handling bodily fluids of any kind (i.e., mucus, blood, vomit, saliva, urine), and you should wear gloves. You should wash hands immediately after contact with blood, body fluids, excretions, or wound dressings and bandages. Once again, it is important to wear gloves when you may come into contact with blood or body fluids which may contain blood. More about the use and removal of gloves is provided in Lesson One. Every step of the handwashing procedure is important to the whole process and a missed step can cause re-contamination and the spread of germs. A poster showing proper handwashing procedures should be posted by every adult and child sink for reference (see Apply section). In addition, handwashing supplies should always be well stocked and accessible.

看

适当的洗手技术很重要。虽然看起来很简单，但有几个步骤必须采取措施来确保你的手很干净。观看这个视频有关为什么洗手是如此至关重要，以及所有的孩子，青年和工作人员都应该洗手。

正确的手卫生

正确洗手是保持你自己和孩子健康的最简单方法。一定要准备好肥皂、水和纸巾，并且永远记住自己要模仿好的洗手技巧。

做

什么时候洗手

适当的手动卫生将有助于让您和孩子保持健康，因为它可以防止疾病传播。知道什么时候洗手就像了解如何洗手一样重要。预防疾病的传播取决于警惕洗手。你应该洗手：

• When you get to work in the morning or reenter the room after a break
• 当你搬到另一个孩子的另一个房间时
• Whenever your hands are visibly dirty or soiled
• 准备食物之前和之后
• 在进食、处理食物或喂养孩子前后
• 服用药物之前和之后
• 在接触自己或孩子的伤口、伤口或擦伤之前和之后
• Before and after helping a child or another staff member who has been injured
• 在水中玩耍前后
• 处理动物或清理动物废物之前
• 使用洗手间后
• 在帮助发生事故的儿童或任何需要帮助的儿童如厕后
• 处理任何种类的体液（即粘液，血液，呕吐物，唾液，尿液）
• 在沙子或户外玩
• After handling garbage or cleaning
• 去除一次性手套后
• 在处理未煮过的食物之后
• After helping a child wash his or her hands
• After sneezing, coughing into your hand, or blowing your nose
• 在帮助一个打喷嚏的孩子后
• 来自户外后

教孩子们如何洗手

When you teach children how to wash their hands, you are providing them with an important life skill. This skill can help keep you and the children in your program healthy. You should teach the children in your care to follow the same handwashing procedures you follow. This lets you be a model for good hygiene practices. Just like you, children and youth should wash their hands when they arrive in the morning and throughout the day as described above.

为了培养良好的卫生习惯，你应该确保孩子们有一个儿童高度的水槽或一个安全的台阶。确保孩子们每次都遵循以下步骤：

• 孩子们应该在水流中完全潮湿。
• 申请soap.
• Lather the soap well. Remember to teach children to scrub all surfaces, including the backs of their hands, wrists, between their fingers, around jewelry, and under their fingernails.
• Continue rubbing your hands for at least 20 seconds. The Red Cross and CDC suggest humming a short, simple tune like the "Happy Birthday" song from beginning to end twice. This will give you an idea of just how long 20 seconds is.
• 在自来水下冲洗双手。
• 使用清洁的纸巾擦干手或使用空气干燥器。确保从未共享毛巾。始终拥有足够的纸巾和肥皂。
• 用毛巾关闭水龙头。然后用毛巾打开任何门并扔掉。（如果您的程序使用无触控自动水龙头，您的过程可能会略有不同。）

你也应该在每个水槽上方悬挂照片或海报，以帮助提醒孩子正确洗手。在应用部分，有一些海报的例子，你可以在你的程序中使用。

如果没有可用水槽(实地考察,为考试ple), check with your supervisor to see if alcohol-based hand sanitizers are approved for use in your program. If so, supervise the children closely and teach them how to rub their hands together and let the sanitizer air dry. Hand sanitizers are only effective if hands are not visibly soiled.

当你的课程中出现一些可教的时刻时，对这些时刻做出回应，并利用这些机会来提醒孩子何时以及如何正确洗手。例如，如果你注意到一个孩子打喷嚏到他或她的手上，然后触摸玩具或其他教室表面，表扬孩子“遮住”他们的喷嚏，并提醒他或她打喷嚏后应该洗手。同时，确保按照程序对孩子打喷嚏后可能接触到的玩具和表面进行适当的清洁和消毒。