Know

Developmental milestones are a set of benchmarks consisting of skills and abilities that children reach throughout their lifetime. Educators and pediatricians use these milestones to check a child’s development. Although each milestone corresponds with an age or grade level, it is important to remember that all children develop at their own pace. It is normal for a peer group to reach milestones at a variety of ages, even spanning a few years in either direction.

体育发展al Milestones for School-Age Children

School-age children, ranging in age from 5 years to about 12 years of age, will have a vast range in their cognitive development. The same is true for school-age children and their physical development. The information below will give general guidelines for physical-developmental milestones.

以下是学龄儿童典型物理发育里程碑的特征：

• School-age children will gain between 4 and 7 pounds each year and continue to have height increases. Increases in height will vary and a 3- to 6-inch height difference in a classroom group is typical.
• 在学龄儿童生长是很常见的,s are periods of slow growth. When children are going through a growth spurt, they will usually need an increase in calorie intake. Growth spurts can also lead to body parts being out of proportion. For example, a child could stay the same height while their feet go through a growth spurt. This can lead to school-age children feeling awkward or clumsy. This typically passes once puberty is over.
• School-age children will begin to see an improvement in their motor skills. They will have better control, coordination and balance.
• 肌肉群众将开始改变学龄儿童，这将使它们变得更强壮。

Take a look at the chart below for a closer look at how school-age children will develop within their age groups. These milestones should never be considered a checklist to evaluate a child’s development, but as a guide for what to expect.

Brain Development in School-Age Children

在他们的前几年的生活中，孩子的大脑在迅速发展。由于变化迅速和生长刺激，从出生到5岁时，儿童的大脑远远不大。学龄儿童的大脑仍在开发，因为他们了解如何做新事物并以不同的方式思考。Jean Piaget理论大脑发展的阶段和不同类型的智慧。学龄儿童处于大脑发展的阶段，麦基省称之为具体的运营阶段。在这个阶段，孩子们能够了解逻辑和具体信息，特别是在自己的生活中。他们可能仍然努力掌握假设或抽象概念，特别是那些将在长期未来发生的概念。学龄儿童将开始不那么高兴，能够从不同的观点来看和理解事物。其他大脑功能将开始改进，如：

• 专注:
  School-age children will be able to focus on a task or topic. They will also begin to develop methods of ignoring distractions when they have a task to focus on.
• Memory:
  长期和短期记忆技能都将开始进入学龄儿童。他们将能够回忆过去几个月甚至几年的重要东西，并记住他们在室外留下了夹克的地方。
• 注意力:
  School-age children will be able to focus on important tasks for longer periods. They will begin to read longer books, stay interested in topics at school, and be able to participate in long-term projects.

脑发展是一种物理发展的形式 - 它是孩子身体的一部分，正在增长和变化。上面提到的三个主要大脑功能允许学龄儿童发展他们的运动技能并参与体育和其他体育活动。

青春期:会发生什么

This age group will experience body changes that come with the beginning of puberty. This happens when certain hormones become present and begin to create changes to parts of our bodies. Sometimes these changes can be drastic and seem to happen overnight, while other times they happen gradually over a few years. The changes that accompany the onset of puberty can often be confusing and even scary for school-age children. The average age of beginning puberty is around 12; however, children are beginning to show signs of these changes at a much younger age. It is important for you to be aware of what kinds of changes school-age children could be going through. This will help prepare you to answer questions from children or their families and be understanding and sympathetic to the children in your care.

Supporting All Learners

There will be times when family members grow concerned about their child’s development. As a school-age staff member, you may also notice a child who doesn’t seem to be developing like his or her peers. It is very important to keep in mind that all children develop at their own pace. This is especially true in school-age children and multi-age environments. If you discover that skills are not emerging or growth is not occurring as it should and if you are concerned about a possible developmental delay, discuss the situation with your administrator or training and curriculum specialist. They will be able to help you better assess the situation and, if necessary, refer the family to programs or services available for their needs.

There are a few key points to remember when supporting all learners in a school-age environment:

• Children develop at their own paces. Never compare children and their abilities. If a family member compares their child to one of their peers, encourage them not to do so. This can be harmful to a child’s development if they feel that they are “not as smart” as their peers.
• Most children will catch up and be on pace with their developmental milestones.
• 如果您开始担心孩子可能不会发展，通常会使观察结果并记录导致您关注的行为。在与家庭成员讨论此之前，请先首先转到管理员。

如果您的计划中的学龄儿童具有影响其体育发展或身体能力的诊断需要，他们应该有IEP或个性化的教育计划。您应该与您的管理员或培训和课程专家以及家庭合作，讨论您的计划如何帮助您支持孩子的发展。附上本课程，您将找到一篇标题的文章，The Need for Skilled Inclusion in Out-of-School Time Programs: Kids Included Together Responds.本文有助于了解包括学习环境中所有儿童的重要性的信息。狗万app怎么下载

影响学龄增长的影响与因素

有各种各样的外部因素和影响可能会影响儿童的发展。重要的是对这些因素和影响很敏感，并记住所有孩子都会在自己的步伐中发展。可能影响学龄儿童发展的主要贡献因素是：

环境: Living and learning in a positive environment where one feels valued, loved, and challenged, both at home and school, will help foster positive growth and self-esteem. Factors such as pollution and a lack of cleanliness can have negative effects on a child’s physical development.

文化: A child’s culture may be one of the biggest contributing factors to their overall development. For example, a family’s culture or religious views can influence the nutrition, activities, and daily routines of a child.

Nutrition: Malnutrition occurs when certain nutrients are either lacking or in excess in a child’s diet. A child who does not receive enough nutrients can be at risk for delayed or stunted growth. A child who has an excess of specific nutrients or food types can be at risk for obesity. Both types of malnutrition can lead to other risks, diseases, and disorders.

遗传学：某些身体属性，如高度和身体构建可能是家庭遗传学的结果。遗传学也可能对青春期和发育里程碑的发作以及某些疾病，疾病和残疾的影响。

Socioeconomics: The financial status of a family can affect the types of food that are available as well as the types of activities a child can participate in. Families having financial issues may also not be able to provide proper medical care.

See

观看此视频，因为它解释了有关学龄儿童的物理发育里程碑的一些基本信息。

In this next video, you will see a variety of ways to incorporate all learners into the planning of physical activities.

Do

The changes that school-age children go through as they develop and grow can be difficult for children and families to understand. It is important that you provide any resources necessary to answer questions about a child’s development.

• Recognize that it is normal for all children to develop at their own paces.
• 在他们身体外观的变化之后，支持孩子。
• Create an environment that supports all learners.