你知道吗

You are a unique individual with thoughts, emotions and behaviors independent of your family, friends and coworkers. You have the ability to see, understand, and know the world around you in a way only you can. You have the ability to grow, change, thrive, and set goals for yourself. You developed these abilities, strengths, and knowledge over your lifetime. Think back to when you were a school-age child. You didn’t become the person you are today all on your own. Most likely, there were adults in your life that helped you to realize these abilities and strengths that you were developing. Maybe a teacher helped you see your artistic ability, or a family member encouraged you to try out for a team or enter a writing contest. Cultural and family traditions and beliefs also played a role in the person you’ve become. You are an individual who has used your experiences to develop a sense of self.

As a school-age staff member, you will be responsible for encouraging and supporting children as they develop their own sense of self. You will do this by planning activities and experiences that are intentional and strive to help children become individuals with positive self-images and a healthy self-esteem.

什么是自我意识？

我们的自我意识包括我们认为对自己最重要的角色，属性，行为和关联（Ylvisaker，2006）。有助于发展我们的人的例子可以包括我们的职业，爱好，隶属关系，能力，人格特征和精神信仰。我们如何识别以及我们对自己的感受如何主要是我们环境和立即环境的结果。例如，如果您是一个鼓励或培育环境的成员，您更有可能对您的能力感到接受和自信。鉴于您是非支持或负面环境的一部分，您可能难以发现您是由于缺乏接受和鼓励而探索您的兴趣和积极的属性。想想一个你知道谁对他们执行特定任务或技能的能力充满信心。此个人机会已获得积极的反馈和其他人的支持，这有助于进一步发展这些技能并培养身份感。

As we grow and mature over our lifetimes our identities can also change depending on time and place. Relationships, parenthood, and other life events can help shape our identities. Think back on who you were 10 years ago. Do you feel like the same person now? Whether you were 19 or 59 a decade ago, it is likely that your concept of who you are has changed in some way. Perhaps you have accomplished major goals like earning a degree or starting a family, and these events have changed how you see yourself. Perhaps experiences like caring for an aging parent or ending a long-term relationship have called into question things you thought you knew about yourself.

与他人的互动也可以塑造你的自我意识。例如，如果您的家人赞扬您的烹饪能力，您可能会相信您是一个好厨师。但是，如果您要注册烹饪课程，当您在拥有类似或更高的烹饪才能的其他人的公司中，您对您的能力的看法可能会发生变化。在这个例子中，你的自我意识被改变，虽然你的煮的能力保持不变。你对自己的感觉并没有被评为真实的或虚假，而是够好，因为情况就足够了，而且不够好。但是，如果你真正喜欢烹饪，而且无论谁在你面前，你都有一些快乐，你的可能性不太可能从别人那里得到鼓励，因为你是在内部的动力。

一种自我意识包括孩子的自尊，自我价值，身份和自我形象。这是孩子们看到自己，他们的经历以及他们的环境以及他们对自己的感受的组合。对于学龄儿童，自我意识与他们的发展身份相关联，这与他们的家人越来越独立。

According to Mark Ylvisaker, a researcher in communication disorders, there are seven experiences that contribute to the construction of a positive and productive sense of self:

什么是自我概念？

“As children develop an appreciation of their inner mental world, they think more intently about themselves. During early childhood . . . children begin to construct a self-concept which is the set of attributes, abilities, attitudes, and values that an individual believes defines who he or she is.”(Berk, 2003, p. 444).

你可能记得特定时间成为那边re of particular circumstances that reinforced your own self-concept. Perhaps it was during a school or sports activity, a theatrical or musical performance, or another event when you realized you had accomplished a goal (either alone or with others) that you had set for yourself. Achieving goals you set and accomplishing tasks that required you to stretch beyond your comfort zone helped you develop a positive self-concept. The relationships that you had with caring adults in your life (e.g., parents, grandparents, teachers, coaches) nurtured your self-concept as you learned about your unique abilities, gifts, and talents. Multiple factors, including each child's cultural background, experiences, and most importantly their relationships with adults and peers impact the development of a child’s self-concept. Just as your own experiences and early relationships with family members and peers have influenced the development of your self-concept, you will create positive experiences that assist the school-age children in your care to learn about themselves.

What Does a Sense of Self Mean for School-Age Children?

According to sociologist Viktor Gecas (1982), adults are able to view themselves in numerous dimensions and can describe themselves in detail with many distinctions in ability and worth within these dimensions. Many years of life experiences have accumulated to shape a pronounced, unwavering, and realistic sense of self. As school-age children grow and develop into adolescents, their sense of self will grow in complexity and become increasingly established until adulthood.

According to Erikson’s theory of psychosocial stages, the developmental goal of school age children is to fulfill a sense of competency. Between ages 5-12, children shape their sense of self based on their ability to perform and master skills that are valued by the important people in their life or themselves. We will discuss what sense of self means and looks like for school-age children in Lesson Two.

什么是弹性？

According to Tugade and Fredrickson (2004), there are individuals who seem to “bounce back” from negative events quite effectively, whereas others are caught in a rut, seemingly unable to get out of their struggling and negative streaks. Being able to move on despite negative stressors demonstrates a concept known as resilience. Someone who is said to be resilient is effective at coping and adaptation even when faced with loss, hardship, or adversity. That is not to say that they are blind to negativity or do not experience high levels of anxiety and frustration. Instead, someone who is resilient chooses to focus on positive aspects and emotions of the situation at a greater rate.

每一个孩子都有机会发展和提高个人特征和其他优势，这些都是保护性因素，也有助于对不幸和变化形成保护性障碍。这些优势或保护因素是在与有爱心的成年人建立重要、安全和反应迅速的关系的背景下形成的。在孩子玩耍和生活的环境中，以及在孩子自己身上发现的保护性因素，也可以加强这种能力。内在自我保护因素与自我发展、社会幸福感和情感幸福感密切相关。

文化扮演什么角色？

Culture helps define how individuals see themselves and how they relate to others. Remember that individuals differ in many ways: language diversity, cultural diversity, gender diversity, religious diversity, and economic diversity (Selmi, Gallagher, & Mora-Flores, 2015). All of these aspects of diversity work together to form your sense of self.

向你承认并了解是很重要的and that individuals may not develop a sense of self in the same manner. A family’s cultural values shape the development of its child’s self-concept: Culture shapes how we each see ourselves and others. For example, some cultures prefer children to be quiet and respectful when around adults. This does not indicate that a quiet child lacks self-confidence. It is important to remember that not all families reinforce the mainstream American cultural values of individualism, competition, and assertiveness. Young children learn and absorb the stories told to them that often emphasize a family’s values and affect a child’s self-concept. As children grow older and attend school and spend leisure time with their peers, they learn that others may not have the same values as their family. For instance, some families may value academics over playing sports while another family may value the arts and learning to play a musical instrument. Each family influences a child’s self-concept within their cultural context. Young children may describe themselves based upon their family’s values (for example, a young child from a culture that stresses fitting in with others as a strong value may describe herself as “kind” while another child from a culture that stresses individualism may describe herself as “a good runner”). As a school-age staff member, you assume the important task of nurturing children’s sense of self, and you must carefully observe and listen to each child.

与自我意识相关的文化研究最多的两个方面是独立和相互依存。独立性将个体视为彼此独立的个体，并重视诸如自尊、个人选择和自信等观念。相互依赖意味着更多的价值被放在群体身上，像从众、关心他人和群体决策这样的想法被重视。儿童来自家庭和文化，在不同的时期以不同的方式重视独立和相互依存。

According to developmental psychologist Catherine Raeff (2010), culture can influence how you, your coworkers, and the families you serve view:

• Relationships：文化影响你如何建立和维持人际关系。例如，关系可能被视为自愿的或基于义务的。这影响了成年人如何鼓励孩子建立关系：他们是选择和谁一起玩，还是鼓励孩子以某种方式来促进群体福利？
• Personality traits: Culture influences whether and how you value traits like humility, self-esteem, politeness, and assertiveness. Culture also influences how you perceive hardship and how you feel about relying on others.
• 成就: Culture influences how you define success and whether you value certain types of individual and group achievements.
• Expressing emotions: Culture influences how and whether you consider feelings public or private.

花一点时间来反思你的文化对自己感受的影响。这可能如何影响您的课程的教学哲学和期望？

What Does this Mean for You?

As a school-age staff member you are likely to encounter coworkers, children and family members from a variety of backgrounds and life experiences. It is important for you to understand the complexity of culture’s influence on identity, but it is also important for you to understand individual differences. For example, a parent who has had a lifetime of encouragement, praise, and support may have a very different parenting style or needs from a parent who has experienced extensive criticism, self-doubt, and isolation. In addition, one parent may recognize and celebrate their child’s growing abilities and all she is capable of doing on her own, while another parent may choose to take on tasks the child is capable of doing for himself or herself. Depending on how often a child experiences these different approaches, he or she may come to doubt his or her own abilities to control and influence his or her world. As a school-age staff member, you will need to understand these differences between children and their families to be able to provide them with culturally and developmentally sensitive care and help them be successful in the classroom now and in the years ahead.

See

观看这段视频，适龄工作人员反思自己和自我意识，以及自我理解对适龄儿童和青少年的重要性。

Sense of Self: An Introduction

接下来，该视频侧重于学龄员工如何在其计划中促进积极的自我意识。当您观看时，反思您在您的计划中纳入儿童的家庭和文化生活方式。

Developing a Sense of Self

做

作为一名适龄工作人员，您有机会在孩子成长、学习和成为个人的过程中为他们提供支持。学龄儿童正处于他们生命中的一个时期，他们正在学习冒险，发展和认识自己的身份。你可以通过对学习环境中的经验和活动进狗万app怎么下载行深思熟虑的规划来支持这一点。您还可以通过以下方式帮助儿童：

• Modeling healthy behaviors that support a healthy self-image and self-esteem
• 创造一个鼓励孩子成为个体的环境，展示他们的才能、兴趣，激发他们的创造力
• Developing a sense of community within the learning environment, one where children feel safe to take risks, share their thoughts and try new things; this includes having zero tolerance for any type of bullying or negative behaviors toward each another

完成本课程

有关本课程的更多信息，请参阅自我与文化理解能力反思，以及随附的学习、探索和应用课程中提供的资源和活动列表，访问学龄期自我和文化理解Course Guide。

Please note the References & Resources section at the end of each lesson outlines reference sources and resources to find additional information on the topics covered. As you complete lessons, you are not expected to review all the online references available. However, you are welcome to explore the resources further if you have interest, or at the request of your trainer, coach, or administrator.