Know

你是一个独特的个体，拥有独立于家人、朋友和同事的思想、情感和行为。你有能力以一种只有你能做到的方式去看、理解和了解你周围的世界。你有能力成长，改变，茁壮成长，为自己设定目标。你在一生中发展了这些能力、优势和知识。回想一下你还是个学龄儿童的时候。你没有完全靠自己成为今天的你。最有可能的是，在你的生活中，有成年人帮助你认识到你正在发展的这些能力和优势。也许是老师帮助你看到了自己的艺术才能，或者是家人鼓励你参加团队或者参加写作比赛。文化和家庭传统和信仰也对你成为一个怎样的人起了作用。你是一个利用你的经历来发展自我意识的人。

作为一名适龄工作人员，你将负责鼓励和支持孩子们发展自我意识。你将通过计划有目的的活动和经历来做到这一点，并努力帮助孩子们成为具有积极自我形象和健康自尊的个体。

What is a Sense of Self?

我们的自我意识包括角色、属性behaviors, and associations that we consider most important about ourselves (Ylvisaker, 2006). Examples of things that help to develop who we are as individuals can include our occupations, hobbies, affiliations, abilities, personality traits, and spiritual beliefs. How we identify and how we feel about ourselves is largely the result of our environment and immediate surroundings. For example, if you are a member of an encouraging or nurturing environment you are more likely to feel accepted and self-confident in your abilities. Whereas if you are part of a non-supportive or negative environment, you may have difficulty discovering who you are due to a lack of acceptance and encouragement to explore your interests and positive attributes. Think of a person you know who is confident in their ability to perform a particular task or skill. Chances are this individual has received positive feedback and support from others, which helped to further the development of these skills and foster a sense of identity.

随着我们一生的成长和成熟，我们的身份也会随着时间和地点的不同而改变。人际关系、亲子关系和其他生活事件可以帮助塑造我们的身份。回想10年前的你。你现在觉得自己是同一个人吗？十年前，无论你是19岁还是59岁，你对自己的概念很可能在某种程度上发生了改变。也许你已经完成了一些重要的目标，比如获得学位或组建家庭，这些事情改变了你对自己的看法。也许像照顾年迈的父母或结束一段长期关系这样的经历让你对自己所知道的事情产生了疑问。

Your interactions with others can also shape your sense of self. For example, if your family praises your cooking ability you may come to believe that you are a good cook. However, if you were to enroll in a cooking class, your perception of your abilities may change when you are in the company of others with similar or more advanced culinary talents. In this example, your sense of self was altered, though your ability to cook remained the same. Your sense of self was not judged to be true or false, but rather, good enough or not good enough because of the situation. If you truly enjoy cooking, though, and gain some joy from it regardless of who else is in your presence, you are less likely to need encouragement from others because you are motivated from within.

A sense of self encompasses a child’s self-esteem, self-worth, identity, and self-image. It is a combination of the way children see themselves, their experiences, and their environment and how they feel about themselves. For school-age children, a sense of self is linked to their developing identities, which are becoming increasingly independent from their families.

根据沟通障碍的研究员Mark Ylvisaker，有七个经验，有助于建设积极和生产性的自我：

What is Self-Concept?

“随着孩子们对他们内心的心理世界欣赏，他们更专心地思考自己。在幼儿期间。。。孩子们开始构建一个自我概念，这是个人认为定义他或她是谁的属性，能力，态度和价值观。“（伯克，2003年，第444页）。

你可能会回忆起一些特定的时间，在这些时间里，你意识到了一些特殊的情况，这些情况强化了你自己的自我概念。也许是在学校或体育活动、戏剧或音乐表演或其他活动中，当你意识到你已经完成了你为自己设定的目标（无论是单独完成还是与他人一起完成）。实现你设定的目标，完成需要你超越舒适区的任务，有助于你形成积极的自我概念。当你了解到自己独特的能力、天赋和才能时，你与生活中有爱心的成年人（如父母、祖父母、老师、教练）的关系培养了你的自我概念。多种因素，包括每个孩子的文化背景、经历，最重要的是他们与成人和同龄人的关系，都会影响孩子自我概念的发展。正如你自己的经历以及与家庭成员和同龄人的早期关系影响了你自我概念的发展一样，你将创造积极的经历，帮助你所照顾的学龄儿童了解自己。

对学龄儿童来说，自我意识意味着什么？

社会学家维克托·盖卡斯（Viktor Gecas，1982）认为，成年人能够从多个维度来看待自己，并且能够在这些维度中对自己的能力和价值进行详细的描述。多年的生活经验积累，形成了一个明显的，坚定不移的，现实的自我意识。随着学龄儿童成长为青少年，他们的自我意识会变得越来越复杂，直到成年才逐渐建立起来。

根据埃里克森的心理社会阶段理论，学龄儿童的发展目标是实现能力感。在5-12岁之间，孩子们根据自己的表现能力和掌握生活中重要人物或自己看重的技能来塑造自我意识。我们将在第二课中讨论自我意识对学龄儿童的意义和表现。

What is Resilience?

根据Tugade和Fredrickson（2004）的研究，有些人似乎能从负面事件中有效地“反弹”，而有些人则陷入了墨守成规的状态，似乎无法摆脱挣扎和负面情绪。尽管有负面压力，但仍能继续前进，这表明了一个被称为弹性的概念。据说有韧性的人即使在面对损失、困难或逆境时也能有效地应对和适应。这并不是说他们对消极情绪视而不见，或者没有经历过高度的焦虑和沮丧。相反，有弹性的人会选择以更高的速度关注积极的方面和情绪。

Every child has an opportunity to develop and enhance personal characteristics and other strengths that act as protective factors or help create a protective barrier to misfortune and change. These strengths, or protective factors, are developed within the context of important, safe and responsive relationships with caring adults. They can also be strengthened by protective factors found within the environments in which the child plays and lives, as well as within the child himself or herself. The within-self-protective factors are closely tied to the development of self and social and emotional well-being.

What Role Does Culture Play?

文化有助于定义个人如何看待自己以及如何与他人相处。请记住，个体在许多方面存在差异：语言多样性、文化多样性、性别多样性、宗教多样性和经济多样性（Selmi、Gallagher和Mora Flores，2015）。多样性的所有这些方面共同形成你的自我意识。

重要的是要承认并理解个人可能不会以同样的方式发展自我意识。一个家庭的文化价值观塑造了孩子的自我概念的发展：文化形状我们如何看到自己和他人。例如，一些文化更喜欢儿童在成年人周围安静而尊重。这并不意味着一个安静的孩子缺乏自信心。重要的是要记住，并非所有家庭都强化了各个主义，竞争和自信的主流文化价值。幼儿学习并吸收向他们讲述的故事经常强调家庭的价值观，影响孩子的自我概念。随着孩子的增长和上学，与同龄人一起度过休闲时间，他们得知别人可能没有与家人相同的价值。例如，有些家庭可以重视学者在运动体育运动中，而另一个家庭可以重视艺术和学习乐器。狗万app怎么下载每个家庭在他们的文化背景中影响孩子的自我概念。Young children may describe themselves based upon their family’s values (for example, a young child from a culture that stresses fitting in with others as a strong value may describe herself as “kind” while another child from a culture that stresses individualism may describe herself as “a good runner”). As a school-age staff member, you assume the important task of nurturing children’s sense of self, and you must carefully observe and listen to each child.

Two of the most studied aspects of culture related to the sense of self are independence and interdependence. Independence views individuals as separate from one another, and values ideas such as self-esteem, individual choices, and assertiveness. Interdependence means more value is placed on the group, and ideas like conformity, concern for others, and group decision-making are valued. Children come from families and cultures that value independence and interdependence in different ways at different times.

发展心理学家Catherine Raeff（2010）认为，文化可以影响你、你的同事和你服务的家庭的看法：

• 关系:Culture influences how you enter into and maintain relationships. For example, relationships may be seen as voluntary or as duty-based. This influences how adults encourage children to form relationships: Do they choose whom to play with or are children encouraged to play in certain ways to promote group welfare?
• 个性特征：文化影响是否以及如何与谦卑，自尊，礼貌和自信相同的价值特征。文化也影响了你如何感知困难以及你对依赖他人的感受。
• Achievement：文化影响你如何定义成功，以及你是否重视某些类型的个人和团体成就。
• 表达情感：文化影响你如何以及是否将感情视为公开的还是私人的。

Take a moment to reflect on the influence your culture has had on your sense of self. How might this influence your teaching philosophy and expectations in your program?

这对你意味着什么？

作为一名学龄工作人员，您可能会遇到各种背景和生活经历的同事，儿童和家庭成员。重要的是要了解文化对身份的影响力的复杂性，但了解个人差异也很重要。例如，一生的父母终生鼓励，赞美和支持可能是一个非常不同的育儿风格或需要批评，自我怀疑和孤立的父母。此外，一位父母可能会识别和庆祝孩子的日益增长的能力，所有她都能自己做的，而另一个父母可以选择承担儿童能够为自己做的任务。根据儿童经历这些不同方法的频率，他或她可能会怀疑他或她自己的控制和影响他或她的世界的能力。作为一名学龄工作人员，您需要了解儿童及其家人之间的这些差异，以便能够在文化和发展敏感的敏感护理中提供，并帮助他们在课堂上和未来几年中取得成功。

看到了吗

学龄员工仿佛不是看这个视频ct on their own and sense of self and the importance of self-understanding for school-age children and youth.

自我意识：导论

Next, this video focuses on how school-age staff members can promote a positive sense of self in their programs. As you watch, reflect on the way you help incorporate children’s family and cultural lives in your program.

培养自我意识

Do

As a school-age staff member, you have the opportunity to support children as they are growing, learning and becoming individuals. School-age children are in a time of their lives when they are learning to take risks and developing and recognizing their own identity. You can support this through your thoughtful planning of experiences and activities for the learning environment. You can also help children by:

• 塑造支持健康自我形象和自尊的健康行为
• Creating an environment that encourages children to be individuals—showcase their talents, interests and spark their creativity
• 在学习环境中培养一种社区意识，在这种环境中，孩子们可以安全地承担风险、分享想法和尝试新狗万app怎么下载事物；这包括对任何类型的欺凌或对彼此的负面行为都不容忍

Completing this Course

For more information on what to expect in this course, the Self & Cultural UnderstandingCompetency Reflection, and a list of the accompanying Learn, Explore and Apply resources and activities offered throughout the lessons, visit the School-Age Self & Cultural Understanding课程指南。

请注意，每节课结束时的参考资料和资源部分概述了参考资料和资源，以查找有关所涵盖主题的其他信息。当你完成课程时，你不需要复习所有的在线参考资料。但是，如果您有兴趣，或应培训师、教练或管理员的要求，欢迎您进一步探索这些资源。